Analyser av klimagasstiltak i den norske skogsektoren

The forest sector plays important roles in the global carbon cycle. Firstly, the global carbon cycle. Firstly, the global carbon storage in forest biomass and soil is of a considerable size, and the total carbon sequestration in the global forests more than offsets the emissions from deforestation and land degradation. Secondly, the forest sector seems to have potentials to further mitigate accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and reduce overall mitigation costs. In Norway, the forests sequester more than half of the human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, due to an increment that exceeds the harvests by a large margin. The sequestration rate is projected to decline as investments in forestry have decreased substantially, although the forests will be an important factor in the Norwegian greenhouse gas account also in the future

TreeSim: An object-oriented individual tree simulator and 3D visualization tool in Python

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)TreeSim is an open-source, user-extendable framework that offers new opportunities for users to model, simulate, visualize, and animate the dynamics of forest. It provides a general environment for modellers to implement and evaluate forest growth models. In this paper, we introduce the object-oriented architecture for our proposed simulator and examine its performance to model and simulate forest growth, management, and dynamics. The simulator uses various models to predict the dynamics and attributes of forest (e.g., regeneration, increment, mortality, biodiversity, biomass, carbon, dead wood). Finally, TreeSim can be integrated into a simulation–optimization framework for decision-making supportpublishedVersio

Determinants of nonindustrial private forest owners' willingness to harvest timber in Norway

In Norway, 84% of the productive forest is privately owned, and these forests dominate the supply of timber to industries. However, during last 80 years, annual forest growth has seen a substantial upsurge while annual timber harvest has been rather stable, generating an increasing potential for timber supply. In this study, we provide new insights to better understand Norwegian non-industrial private forest owners’ timber harvesting decisions. This was achieved by comparing the outcomes of two different statistical approaches (i.e., a combination of probit-linear models with a tobit model). These approaches are commonly applied in timber supply studies, but to the best of our knowledge have never been compared on the same dataset. The survey utilized for this study constitutes a population of Active and Inactive forest owners, based on whether the owner had harvested timber for sale during the last fifteen years. Two gross samples of 1500 and 1650 were drawn, with response rates of 56% and 49% for the Active and Inactive owner samples, respectively. The study results reveal that the average holding size varied from 25.2 ha for Inactive to 49.5 ha for both samples and 73.8 ha for Active owners. The probit model analysis indicated that knowledge of forest fund and financial objectives had the most significant impact on the willingness to harvest, with marginal effects of 11% and 12%, respectively. In the linear regression, being a male owner increased the historical timber supply by 1.48 m3 ha−1 year−1 compared to female ownership. In the second regression pathway (tobit model), the two variables male forest owner and owning forests for financial objectives triggered the supply of timber by 1.85 m3 ha−1 year−1 and 1.25 m3 ha−1 year−1, respectively. Timber prices were significant in the linear model (elasticity 1.18) and tobit model (elasticity 0.66), whereas they were non-significant in the probit model. Our study concludes that Active owners had a better understanding of acknowledging forests for economic security. Policy-makers and extension services should recognize that the Inactive forest owner group may require different actions than Active owners.publishedVersio

Young peoples' involvement in welfare service development—Is voice enough?—A thematic synthesis of qualitative studies

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Background: Young people need to be heard and take an active role in developing welfare services. When they are recognized as having skills and expertize, the advantages young people's involvement brings to both themselves and the organizations, are mobilization and empowering with impact on national decision‐making. Objective: To synthesize existing literature on how young people's involvement in coproduction can contribute to better welfare services. Search Strategy: We performed a systematic literature search in four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cinahl). Inclusion Criteria: Publications whose abstracts contained themes as: Young people 12–25 years of age, receiving welfare, youth coproduction/involvement/participation and qualitative studies. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Of the 5469 documents retrieved, the full text of 58 studies was read, of which seven studies met the inclusion criteria. A thematic synthesis following Thomas and Harden was used. Main Results: Young people being involved in coproduction of developing welfare services experienced to be valued and supported by partnerships, but they also pointed out deficiencies in welfare services. Some of the adolescents expressed not being listened to, lack of trusted relations and not being involved in policy making or prospects. The staff members saw some challenges with partnering with youth; as the need for flexibility, to keep the youth engaged and to purposefully meet the adolescents where they need help, guidance or resources. Conclusions: More involvement should be stressed. Coproduction is often symbolic more than resulting in real changes in the welfare services. Consequently, what is crucial when young people are involved is that they are encouraged by adults to be clear about the degree of involvement they want. Patient or Public Contribution: Patient and public involvement was not explicit in this review.publishedVersio

Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy

Background: Other than glycemic control, there are no treatments for diabetic neuropathy. Thus, identifying potentially modifiable risk factors for neuropathy is crucial. We studied risk factors for the development of distal symmetric neuropathy in 1172 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus from 31 centers participating in the European Diabetes (EURODIAB) Prospective Complications Study. Methods: Neuropathy was assessed at baseline (1989 to 1991) and at follow-up (1997 to 1999), with a mean (±SD) follow-up of 7.3±0.6 years. A standardized protocol included clinical evaluation, quantitative sensory testing, and autonomic-function tests. Serum lipids and lipoproteins, glycosylated hemoglobin, and the urinary albumin excretion rate were measured in a central laboratory. Results: At follow-up, neuropathy had developed in 276 of 1172 patients without neuropathy at baseline (23.5 percent). The cumulative incidence of neuropathy was related to the glycosylated hemoglobin value and the duration of diabetes. After adjustment for these factors, we found that higher levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, a higher body-mass index, higher von Willebrand factor levels and urinary albumin excretion rate, hypertension, and smoking were all significantly associated with the cumulative incidence of neuropathy. After adjustment for other risk factors and diabetic complications, we found that duration of diabetes, current glycosylated hemoglobin value, change in glycosylated hemoglobin value during the follow-up period, body-mass index, and smoking remained independently associated with the incidence of neuropathy. Cardiovascular disease at baseline was associated with double the risk of neuropathy, independent of cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions: This prospective study indicates that, apart from glycemic control, the incidence of neuropathy is associated with potentially modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, including a raised triglyceride level, body-mass index, smoking, and hypertension

Plea bargaining i norsk straffeprosess: En analyse av gjeldende rett og en vurdering av om det bør skje endringer

Hovedproblemstillingen er i hvilken grad det bør være adgang til plea bargaining i norsk straffeprosess. Oppgaven består av to deler: en del der gjeldende rett redegjøres for og en de lege ferenda-del. Bakgrunnen for at gjeldende rett gjennomgås er for å vise hvor store endringer det vil medføre dersom det er ønskelig med en endring av rettstilstanden. Selv om det ikke eksisterer noen direkte parallell til plea bargaining i norsk straffeprosess, er det flere ordninger som bidrar til en mer effektiv behandling av straffesaker. EMDs syn på plea bargaining blir også fremhevet. De lege ferenda-delen er delt opp i tre punkter med bakgrunn i inndelingen av ulike typer plea bargains: charge bargaining, sentence bargaining og kronvitneordninger. Avslutningsvis behandles forslaget om forhåndstilsagn som ble foreslått i NOU 2016: 24.MasteroppgaveJUS399MAJURMAJUR-