Polymer-Based n-Type Yarn for Organic Thermoelectric Textiles

A conjugated-polymer-based n-type yarn for thermoelectric textiles is presented. Thermoelectric textile devices are intriguing power sources for wearable electronic devices. The use of yarns comprising conjugated polymers is desirable because of their potentially superior mechanical properties compared to other thermoelectric materials. While several examples of p-type conducting yarns exist, there is a lack of polymer-based n-type yarns. Here, a regenerated cellulose yarn is spray-coated with an n-type conducting-polymer-based ink composed of poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). The n-type yarns display a bulk electrical conductivity of 8 7 10−3 S cm−1 and Seebeck coefficient of −79 \ub5V K−1. A promising level of air-stability for at least 13 days can be achieved by applying an additional thermoplastic elastomer coating. A prototype in-plane thermoelectric textile, produced with the developed n-type yarns and p-type yarns, composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-coated regenerated cellulose, displays a stable device performance in air for at least 4 days with an open-circuit voltage per temperature difference of 1\ua0mV\ua0\ub0C−1. Evidently, polymer-based n-type yarns are a viable component for the construction of thermoelectric textile devices

Characterisation of cellulose pulps isolated from Miscanthus using a low-cost acidic ionic liquid

The ionoSolv pretreatment generates a cellulose pulp by extracting hemicellulose and lignin using low-cost ionic liquids. In this study, cellulose pulp was obtained from Miscanthus × giganteus using the protic ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate [N2220][HSO4] with 20% water as a co-solvent and characterised in detail for its material properties as a function of pretreatment severity. We measured the particle size distribution, porosity and crystallinity of the unbleached pulps and the molar weight distribution of the cellulose contained within. We report that the surface area increased and the size of the pulp particles decreased as ionoSolv processing progressed. While the native cellulose I structure was maintained, the average degree of polymerisation of the cellulose was reduced to a DPn of around 300, showing the cellulose polymers are shortened. We correlate the pulp properties with enzymatic saccharification yields, concluding that enzymatic saccharification of the cellulose after ionoSolv pretreatment is mainly enhanced by removing hemicellulose and lignin. We also observed that overtreatment deteriorated saccharification yield and that this coincides with cellulose fibrils becoming coated with pseudolignin redeposited from the ionic liquid solution, as demonstrated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Pseudolignin deposition increases the apparent lignin content, which is likely to increase chemical demand in bleaching, suggesting that both glucose release and material use benefit from a minimum lignin content. Overall, this study demonstrates that cellulose pulps isolated with ionoSolv processing are not only a promising intermediate for high-yield release of purified glucose for biorefining, but also have attractive properties for materials applications that require cellulose I fibrils

Feasibility study of reinforced concrete reinforced concrete buildings for upper stratum apartments in the city of Bogotá. A methodology to maximize profit

En el marco de la gerencia de proyectos y su fase de planeación se concibió e implementó una metodología para determinar la utilidad máxima que se puede obtener cuando se piensa en construir un edificio destinado a vivienda en estrato alto en la ciudad de Bogotá. La metodología que permitió alcanzar este objetivo fue la ciencia de investigación de operaciones, a través de la técnica de programación lineal. Esta metodología comprende la definición, planteamiento y resolución de modelos matemáticos para encontrar soluciones óptimas a través de las matemáticas y computadoras con el propósito de mitigar riesgos y facilitar la toma de decisiones. Conforme a la metodología seleccionada se formuló matemáticamente la expresión de la utilidad máxima esperada, la cual conjuntamente con otras fórmulas y variables de carácter comercial, técnico, normativo, económico y financiero, relacionadas con las restricciones propias del modelo, permitieron con la aplicación del Programa Solver de Excel obtener la solución deseada. Finalmente y teniendo en cuenta el cambiante y dinámico escenario de la industria de la construcción en la ciudad capital, se realizó el análisis de sensibilidad, que sometió los resultados óptimos obtenidos a escenarios alternativos para validar rechazar la aplicación de los mismos.INTRODUCCIÓN 19 ANTECEDENTES 22 DEFINICION DEL PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACION 27 JUSTIFICACION 29 OBJETIVOS GENERALES Y ESPECIFICOS 30 HIPOTESIS O SUPUESTOS 32 1. MARCO TEORICO 34 1.1 CONTEXTO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 34 1.2 ENTORNO URBANO 35 1.3 DEFINICIÓN DE LA UTILIDAD DEL PROYECTO 39 1.4 ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DEL PROYECTO 41 1.4.1 Factibilidad comercial 41 1.4.2 Factibilidad normativa 46 1.4.2.1 Indice de ocupación 47 1.4.2.2 Indice de construcción 48 1.4.2.3 Número máximo de pisos 49 1.4.3 Factibilidad técnica 51 1.4.3.1 Los estudios geotécnicos 51 1.4.3.2 El diseño arquitectónico 52 1.4.3.3 El diseño estructural 55 1.4.3.4 El diseño de la cimentación 66 1.4.4 Factibilidad económica 73 1.4.4.1 El lote y su valor comercial 74 1.4.4.2 Costos directos 75 1.4.4.3 Costos Indirectos 95 1.4.5 Factibilidad financiera 106 1.4.5.1 Bondad financiera del Proyecto 107 1.5 GERENCIA DE VALOR 112 1.5.1 Valor Económico Agregado. EVA. 112 2. METODOLOGIA 120 2.1 INVESTIGACIÓN DE OPERACIONES 120 2.1.1 Problema de programación lineal 124 2.1.2 Problema de Programación Lineal. Uso del Programa Solver de Excel 127 3. RESULTADOS DE LA INVESTIGACION 134 3.1 FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 136 3.2 PLANTEAMIENTO Y DESCRIPCIÓN PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 138 3.3 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS DATOS DEL PROBLEMA 139 3.3.1 Información Comercial 139 3.3.2 Información Normativa 139 3.3.3 Información Técnica 140 3.3.4 Información Económica 141 3.3.5 Información Financiera 141 3.4 IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL CRITERIO DE DECISIÓN 142 3.5 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LAS VARIABLES DE DECISIÓN 142 3.6 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA FUNCIÓN OBJETIVO 143 3.7 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE RESTRICCIONES CONCEPTUALES Y LÓGICAS 144 3.7.1 Restricción Comercial 144 3.7.2 Restricción Normativa 145 3.7.3 Restricción Técnica 146 3.7.4 Restricción Económica 150 3.7.5 Restricción Financiera 154 3.7.6 Restricciones lógicas 155 3.8 EVALUACIÓN FINANCIERA DEL PROYECTO. E.V.A. 156 3.9 OBTENCIÓN DE LA SOLUCIÓN ÓPTIMA 157 3.10.DESCRIPCIÓN, INTERPRETACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS SOLUCIÓN ÓPTIMA 160 3.11. ANÁLISIS DE SENSIBILIDAD Y PARAMÉTRICOS 174 3.11.1 Análisis de sensibilidad. Caso 1. Comercial 174 3.11.2 Análisis de sensibilidad. Caso 2. Técnica- económica 176 3.11.3 Análisis de sensibilidad. Caso 3. Financiera 178 3.11.4 Análisis de sensibilidad. Caso 4. Normativa 180 4. CONCLUSIONES 182 5. RECOMENDACIONES 199 BIBLIOGRAFIA 204 ANEXOS 210MaestríaWithin the framework of project management and its planning phase, a methodology was conceived and implemented to determine the maximum profit that can be obtained when thinking of constructing a building for upper-tier housing in the city of Bogotá. The methodology that allowed to achieve this objective was the science of operations research, through the linear programming technique. This methodology includes the definition, approach and resolution of mathematical models to find optimal solutions through mathematics and computers in order to mitigate risks and facilitate decision-making. In accordance with the selected methodology, the expression of the maximum expected profit was formulated mathematically, which together with other formulas and variables of a commercial, technical, regulatory, economic and financial nature, related to the model's own restrictions, allowed with the application of the Program. Excel solver get the desired solution. Finally, and taking into account the changing and dynamic scenario of the construction industry in the capital city, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which submitted the optimal results obtained to alternative scenarios to validate reject their application.Modalidad Presencia

Viscoelastic Testing and Coagulopathy of Traumatic Brain Injury

A unique coagulopathy often manifests following traumatic brain injury, leading the clinician down a difficult decision path on appropriate prophylaxis and therapy. Conventional coagulation assays—such as prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and international normalized ratio—have historically been utilized to assess hemostasis and guide treatment following traumatic brain injury. However, these plasma-based assays alone often lack the sensitivity to diagnose and adequately treat coagulopathy associated with traumatic brain injury. Here, we review the whole blood coagulation assays termed viscoelastic tests and their use in traumatic brain injury. Modified viscoelastic tests with platelet function assays have helped elucidate the underlying pathophysiology and guide clinical decisions in a goal-directed fashion. Platelet dysfunction appears to underlie most coagulopathies in this patient population, particularly at the adenosine diphosphate and/or arachidonic acid receptors. Future research will focus not only on the utility of viscoelastic tests in diagnosing coagulopathy in traumatic brain injury, but also on better defining the use of these tests as evidence-based and/or precision-based tools to improve patient outcomes

Sustainable design of biorefinery processes: existing practices and new methodology

Nowadays, eco-designing products is increasingly practiced. The next challenge for sustain- ability is to optimize production processes. Biorefi neries are particularly concerned with this improve- ment, because they use renewable resources. To identify the contribution of transformation processes to the overall environmental impacts, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) appears as the adequate method. A literature review highlights that LCA is mainly performed on biorefi neries to compare biomass feed- stocks between them and to a fossil reference. Another part of environmental LCA compares the impacts of different processing routes. Nevertheless, these evaluations concern already designed pro- cesses. Generally, processes are considered as a unique operation in assessments. However, some criteria like operating can notably modify environmental burdens. The eco-design of biorefi nery pro- cesses can be guided by coupling process simulation to LCA. This method has been emerging in the chemical sector in recent years. Consequently, this paper proposes a new methodological approach to assessing the complete sustainability of biorefi nery processes, since its fi rst design stages. In addi- tion to coupling process simulation and environmental LCA, the other pillars of sustainability will be assessed. Indeed, Life Cycle Costing and Social Life Cycle Assessment can be performed to obtain an integrated methodological framework. The simultaneous optimization of the environmental, economic, and social performances of the process can lead to antagonist ways of improving. Consequently, compromises should be realized. Thereby, the multi-objective optimization can be accomplished by a metaheuristic method supported by a decision-making tool. Finally, the main limits of this method and some perspectives and ways for improving are discussed