A FRAMEWORK FOR CONSERVING POWER IN MANETS

The idea of using controllable relay nodes for designing mobile systems has been explored by several researchers. The main objective of this paper is to design a framework for deploying relay nodes with controlled mobility to conserve power in MANET. To meet out this proposal, a heterogeneous network consisting of traditional nodes with limited energy and relay nodes with more energy resources are considered. The deployment of relay nodes are based on the following two methods: 1. Min-Total, aims to minimize the total energy consumption of all the traditional nodes in the network. 2. Min-Max, aims to minimize the energy consumed by a traditional node in the network. The solution of these two methods can be used to prioritize each individual node in the network. The trade-offs involved in deploying an increasing/decreasing fraction of relay nodes, varying node weights, varying epoch duration is analyzed. This framework aims at dynamically combining both Min-Total and Min-Max based on the characteristics and requirements of the network

Hydrogen Bonding Interaction between 1-Propanol and Acrylic Esters in Non-polar Solvents: An FTIR Study

The association between 1-propanol and acrylic esters (methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate) in non-polar solvents, viz. n-heptane, CCl4, and benzene has been investigated by means of FTIR spectroscopy. The formation constants of the 1:1 complexes have been calculated using Nash’s method. The values of the formation constant and the Gibbs energy vary with ester chain length, which suggests that the strengths of the intermolecularOH…O=Cbonds are dependent on the alkyl group of the acrylic ester and the results show that the proton accepting ability of acrylic esters is in the order methyl methacrylate < ethyl methacrylate < butyl methacrylate. The results also show a significant dependence of the association constant upon the solvent used. The solvent effect on the hydrogen bond equilibria is discussed in terms of specific interactions between the solute and the solvent.KEYWORDS: FTIR spectroscopy, acrylic esters, hydrogen bonding, solvent effects

Enhanced biohydrogen production from beverage industrial wastewater using external nitrogen sources and bioaugmentation with facultative anaerobic strains

In this work biohydrogen generation and its improvement possibilities from beverage industrial wastewater were sought. Firstly, mesophilic hydrogen fermentations were conducted in batch vials by applying heat-treated (80°C, 30 min) sludge and liquid (LB-grown) cultures of Escherichia coli XL1-Blue/. Enterobacter cloacae DSM 16657 strains for bioaugmentation purposes. The results showed that there was a remarkable increase in hydrogen production capacities when facultative anaerobes were added in the form of inoculum. Furthermore, experiments were carried out in order to reveal whether the increment occurred either due to the efficient contribution of the facultative anaerobic microorganisms or the culture ingredients (in particular yeast extract and tryptone) supplied when the bacterial suspensions (LB media-based inocula) were mixed with the sludge. The outcome of these tests was that both the applied nitrogen sources and the bacteria (. E. coli) could individually enhance hydrogen formation. Nevertheless, the highest increase took place when they were used together. Finally, the optimal initial wastewater concentration was determined as 5 g/L. © 2014 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan

Enhancement strategies for hydrogen production from wastewater: A review

© 2016 Bentham Science Publishers. This mini review focuses on the current developments in the field of dark fermentation technologies using wastewater as carbon and nutrient source in batch reactors. Besides, the major microbiota (pure, enriched mixed, co and mixed cultures) involved in the process have been emphasized. Additionally, problems associated with the lower production performances and the overcoming strategies applied to enhance the production rate (HPR) and yield (HY) bybio-augmentation, immobilization, enrichment technique and nano particles (NP) addition were also discussed. This mini review provides more insights about the recent developments in the dark fermentative hydrogen production (DHFP) process and their advantages in a brief manner. The perspective towards the development of sustainable society by using bioH2 technology is enlightened

Studies of Hydrogen Bonding Between N, N

Hydrogen bonding between N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and alcohols has been studied in carbon tetrachloride solution by an X-band Microwave bench at 936GHz. The dielectric relaxation time (τ) of the binary system are obtained by both Higasi's method and Gopalakrishna method. The most likely association complex between alcohol and DMA is 1:1 stoichiometric complex through the hydroxyl group of the alcohol and the carbonyl group of amide. The results show that the interaction between alcohols and amides is 1:1 complex through the free hydroxyl group of the alcohol and the carbonyl group of amide and the alkyl chain-length of both the alcohols and amide plays an important role in the determination of the strength of hydrogen bond (O-H: C=O) formed and suggests that the proton donating ability of alcohols is in the order: 1-propanol < 1-butanol < 1-pentanol and the accepting ability of DMA

Interaction between Dietary Vitamin D3 and Vitamin K3 in Gilthead Seabream Larvae (Sparus aurata) in Relation to Growth and Expression of Bone Development-Related Genes

Vitamins D and K are essential fat-soluble nutrients that intervene in bone development processes among other biological functions. The present study is aimed at investigating the potential combined effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin K3 (menadione) in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. For that purpose, seabream diets were supplemented with different combinations of vitamin D3/vitamin K3 (mg/kg diet) as follows: 0.00/0, 0.06/70, 0.06/170, 0.13/70, 0.13/170, 0.40/70, and 0.40/170. Feeding gilthead seabream larvae (22 days post hatch) for 21 days with the diets supplemented with 0.06-0.13 mg/kg vitamin D3 and 70 mg/kg vitamin K3 (diets 0.06/70 and 0.13/70) led to the highest larval growth and survival and the highest expression of important biomarkers of both bone development and health, such as bmp2, osx, and mgp, and calcium homeostasis, such as pthrp and casr. However, the increased supplementation with both vitamins at 0.40 mg/kg vitamin D3 and 170 mg/kg vitamin K3 (diet 0.40/170) reduced larval growth and survival, downregulated bmp2 and pthrp expressions, and upregulated osx and mgp, causing an unbalance in the relative expression of these genes. The results of the present study have shown the interaction between vitamin D3 supplementation and vitamin K3 supplementation in larval performance and gene expression related to bone development and calcium homeostasis, denoting the significance of a correct balance between both vitamins in larval diets.publishedVersio