Evaluation Changes of Lungs in Asthmatic Rats Treated with Aqueous and Non Aqueous Extract of Clerodendrum Serratum and Theophylline.

The present study Asthma is one of the common disorders encountered in clinical medicine in both adults and children are asthma and it is characterized by inflammation of the airways which causes airway dysfunction. Asthma is currently a worldwide problem with around 300 million people around the global suffering from it and world deaths of about 25000 annually. Inhaled bronchodilators and anti inflammatory drugs are available and effective and they require long term use and are associated with side effects. This is why alternative and complementary medicine is being sort after to prevent these side effects. Several medicinal plants have anti inflammatory effect and have proved effective in the treatment of asthma. Clerodendrum serratum Linn (Family-Verbenaceae) is very widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Citric acid, Acetylcholine, Histamine is mainly used for evaluating anti asthmatic activity of particular drug. This review contains list of medicinal plant which have been tested for anti asthmatic activity in the Citric acid, Acetylcholine induced asthmatic in Rat model Thus, the information provided in this research will help the researchers for the development of an alternative methods rather than inhalers and oral anti asthmatic drugs for the treatment of asthma and COPD which will minimize the complication. Many plants obtained from the natural source play a significant role in the health care system. Literature survey on herbal drugs has shown significant anti asthmatic activity which has not shown any remarkable side effect. The pharmacological mechanism which the phyto constituents producing the anti asthmatic activity are not clearly understood till date. The several herbal formulation have derived from the Ayurveda, traditional system of Indian medicine and its additional system of medicine, yet to be scientifically validated that they have exhibited pharmacological action against Asthmatic. Only less number of scientific data of traditional medicines is available for the treatment of Asthmatic. CONCLUSION: On the basis of the result in these experiments, this may be stated that the aqueous extract of Clerodendrum serratum 200mg/kg has a beneficial effect in asthmatic patients. It will reduce the alveolar thickness and Eosinophils counts in blood further studies are required to purify the active principle and to study the molecular mechanism of the exact pathway. Non aqueous extract of Clerodendrum serratum (400mg/kg) having fewer amounts of steroids and flavonoids because it will filter the all compounds and reduce the quantity of chemical moieties. But aqueous extract of Clerodendrum serratum (200mg/kg) having higher amount of chemicals when compare to Non aqueous extract of Clerodendrum serratum (400mg/kg) so it will produce anti asthmatic at equal to standard drug. In lungs alveolar thickness reduced by the AECS 200mg/kg as equal to standard drug and also it’s same as normal lungs. So aqueous extract of Clerodendrum serratum having good beneficial effect for the asthmatic patients. This information’s will be useful for the development of alternative method rather than anti asthmatic agents (Inhalers, Tablets, Injections, Nasal sprays, Respules) for the treatment of Asthmatic patients. This will minimize the wheezing and or asthmatic symptoms

A NEW SPEECH ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE USING PERCEPTUAL WIENER FILTER

This paper deals with musical noise result from perceptual speech enhancement type algorithms and especially wiener filtering. Although perceptual speech enhancement methods perform better than the non perceptual methods, most of them still return annoying residual musical noise. This is due to the fact that if only noise above the noise masking threshold is filtered then noise below the noise masking threshold can become audible if its maskers are filtered. It can affect the performance of perceptual speech enhancement method that process audible noise only. In order to overcome this drawback here proposed a new speech enhancement technique. It aims to improve the quality of the enhanced speech signal provided by perceptual wiener filtering by controlling the latter via a second filter regarded as a psychoacoustically motivated weighting factor. The simulation results shows that the performance is improved compared to other perceptual speech enhancement method

Dynamic-mechanical properties as a function of luffa fibre content and adhesion in a polyester composite

In this work, the characteristics of a vegetable fibre (luffa cylindrica) polyester composite are studied as a function of fibre surface treatment (with NaOH, Ca(OH)2 and silane) and fibre content (30%, 40% and 50%). Composites were prepared through compression moulding and characterized with thermogravimetric and dynamic-mechanical analyses. Higher storage modulus was obtained with Ca(OH)2 treated composites, reaching nearly 70% increase. Higher loss modulus (E”) was noted in for silane treated fibre (at 50%) and a high peak in damping factor was noted for Ca(OH)2 treated fibre (at 50%). Cole-cole plot showed highest homogeneity for the Ca(OH)2 treated composites. Electron microscopy revealed the fracture modes in static tested composites. The general properties obtained indicate that the composites can only be used for low loading applications

Experimental Performance Analysis Of Free And Forced Fully Developed Air Flow Green House Solar Dryer Using Curry Leaves

The world is beginning to move away from its consumption of fossil fuels. Various technologies are being developed to make use of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and tidal, etc. Solar energy is the best choice among these sources because of it is readily available, abundant, and capable of producing both electric energy and space heating. Solar energy can be used directly or indirectly to dry agricultural and non-agricultural products to preserve them for long a period without formation of fungi. Drying of herbal leaves is an important process in Siddha and Ayurvedic industries to produce herbal medicines in power form. However, as herbal leaves are dried in the open sun, they are susceptible to environmental factors such as rain, insects, and livestock. These disadvantages of open-air drying shall be overwhelmed by greenhouse solar dryer. Greenhouse solar dryer with natural convection, forced convection with hot air supply are the existing methods, but when supplied with hot air, the rise in temperature leads to nutrient loss in herbal leaves. In order to avoid this loss in nutrients, the current work gives a solution that the temperature of forced convection greenhouse dryer can be reduced and controlled by supplying the ambient air at inlet flow in a fully developed air region, and this method can also leads to reduction in colour loss with possibly same or higher drying rate compare to natural convection greenhouse dryer

Performance Comparison of Tray, Bed and Integrated Drying Chamber in Closed Loop Heat Pump Dryer for Bermuda Grass

Drying plays a crucial role in various industries such as food production, agriculture, Siddha, Ayurveda, and medical fields. To achieve controlled drying conditions, a heat pump dryer is considered an effective method, allowing for precise control of parameters like temperature, humidity, and air velocity. In this study, a heat pump dryer was designed and constructed to investigate the drying characteristics of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) at different velocities (1.5 m/s, 2.0 m/s, and 2.5 m/s) using three types of drying chambers: fluidized bed dryer, tray dryer, and combined dryer (a combination of bed and tray). The heat pump system utilized R134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the heat pump dryer in the three drying chambers was analyzed using Bermuda grass as the drying product. The Moisture Removal Rate (MRR) was calculated for various combinations of velocity and drying chamber, and it was observed that the combined dryer achieved a higher MRR at all three velocities compared to the tray and fluidized bed dryers

Minimal descriptors for characterization and evaluation of Jatropha curcas L. germplasm for utilization in crop improvement

Jatropha curcas germplasm collected from peninsular region of India as well as germplasm augmented from various parts of the country was characterized for various agro-morphological traits at 3 locations for 3 years. Variability was evident for 38 traits which included both qualitative and quantitative traits. Important yield influencing traits such as plant canopy, branching habit, number of primary branches, peduncle branching, peduncle length, inflorescence compactness, flower ratio, inflorescence abundance, flowering, fruits per cluster, 100-seed weight and oil content showed a wide range of variability in the germplasm under study. Number of leaf lobes also showed variation and accordingly were categorised as 0–2, 3–5, >6. The branching pattern varied widely and has been categorised as basal, intermediate, top and entire. The male to female flower ratio ranged from 10:1 to >20:1, and was categorized into three categories as 10:1, 11–20:1 and >20:1. The seed oil content which is of commercial importance in J. curcas also exhibited wide variability ranging from 17.5 to 41.6% and the descriptor has been categorized accordingly as 0–20, 21–30, 30–40 and ≥40%. Based on the variability observed in the traits, a set of 38 minimal descriptors has been suggested for characterization and evaluation of Jatropha

Plant Protease Inhibitors and their Interactions with Insect Gut Proteinases

Enzymes hydrolysing peptide bonds have some overlapping terms, these include, proteases, proteinases and peptidases (Barrett et al. 1998). The Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB 1992) recommended peptidase as the general term for enzymes hydrolyzing peptide bonds, which is further divided into exopeptidases, which catalyse the cleavage of one or a few amino acids from N-/C-terminus, and endopeptidases, which cleave the internal peptide bonds of polypeptides. The term “protease” includes both exopeptidases and endopeptidases while “proteinase” designates only endopeptidases (Barrett et al. 1998). Proteolytic enzymes are extensively found in plants, animals and in microorganisms (Kenny 1999) with a major role involved in every aspect of their physiology and development. Proteases are highly specific to their substrate, and the specificity depends on the localization of the substrate and the proteolytic enzyme, and structural and chemical properties at the active site of the enzyme.Their mode of action varies among all families and groups of proteases. Some of them work individually, some work in cascades in cooperation with other proteases and some form complexes constituting an active proteolytic machine. In plants, various roles of proteolytic enzymes involves: removal of misfolded, modified, and/or mistargeted proteins; supply of amino acids during translation; maturation of zymogens and peptide hormones by partial cleavages; control of metabolism and homeostasis by altering the levels of key enzymes and regulatory proteins; and the cleavage of targeted signals from proteins prior to their final integration into organelles (Vierstra 1996). In insects, proteolysis allows digestion of wide range of food diet mediated by concerted action of several proteases and several of them such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase, etc., have been characterized from a vast variety of insect pests till now (Anwar and Saleemuddin 2002; Sanatan et al. 2013; Akbar et al. 2017). The insect attack on plants triggers the production of a series of secondary metabolites; definsins, thionines, lectins, and protease inhibitors which altogether constitute the defensive armoury of plants (Buchmanan et al. 2002). Plant protease inhibitors are proteinacious in nature and inhibit insect gut proteases by binding tightly to the active site, forming an essentially irreversible complex. The inability to utilize ingested protein and to recycle digestive enzymes results in critical amino acid deficiency, which affects the growth, development and survival of the herbivore (Chougule et al. 2008). In this chapter, we aim to summarize the interactions between insect midgut proteases and the plant protease inhibitors induced as a result of insect attack

1-(2-Hy­droxy-4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)-3-(4-methyl­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C17H16O3, exists in the E conformation with respect to the central C=C bond, is almost planar(r.m.s. deviation = 0.003 Å) and has an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O inter­actions

Multi-objective optimization for optimum tolerance synthesis with process and machine selection using a genetic algorithm

This paper presents a new approach to the tolerance synthesis of the component parts of assemblies by simultaneously optimizing three manufacturing parameters: manufacturing cost, including tolerance cost and quality loss cost; machining time; and machine overhead/idle time cost. A methodology has been developed using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) technique to solve this multi-objective optimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology has been demonstrated by solving a wheel mounting assembly problem consisting of five components, two subassemblies, two critical dimensions, two functional tolerances, and eight operations. Significant cost saving can be achieved by employing this methodology

Role of Alanine Racemase Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis d-Cycloserine Resistance.

A screening of more than 1,500 drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed evolutionary patterns characteristic of positive selection for three alanine racemase (Alr) mutations. We investigated these mutations using molecular modeling, in vitro MIC testing, as well as direct measurements of enzymatic activity, which demonstrated that these mutations likely confer resistance to d-cycloserine