Working memory, attention and compositionality

Es una práctica habitual en Psicología desarrollar microteorías para explicar datos muy concretos obtenidos en un conjunto limitado de tareas. Cuando todo el peso de la elaboración teórica recae en unos datos empíricos específicos sin tener en cuenta otras restricciones teóricas más generales, los grados de libertad para elaborar un modelo son en general muchos y esto hace que la proliferación de modelos sea considerable sin que se disponga de las suficientes restricciones para descartar cuáles son inadecuados. Las discusiones sobre qué modelos son los adecuados se enquistan en polémicas interminables. Teorías más generales permitirían integrar un mayor número de datos (empíricos y computacionales) en un todo con sentido y así se podrían descartar, de forma más simple y efectiva, los modelos que no se ajustan a estas restricciones. En este trabajo hemos intentado integrar en una todo con sentido algunas de las teorías existentes sobre un conjunto amplio de procesos (memoria de trabajo, razonamiento, procesamiento visual, procesamiento de lenguaje) y una amplia variedad de datos psicológicos, neurofisiológicos y computacionales. Como resultado se obtiene una teoría más general que, de forma razonable, permite imponer un amplio conjunto de restricciones a la hora de elaborar modelos sobre ciertos fenómenos y permite entre otras cosas descartar como inadecuados modelos actuales que gozan de cierto prestigio.It is standard practice in Psychology to develop microtheories to explain very specific data obtained from a reduced set of tasks. If more general theoretical constraints are disregarded, the results may be an uncontrolled proliferation of models. Discussions of which models are appropiate and which are not cause end less controversy. With a more general theory, one could put together a larger body of data (both empirical and computational) into a meaningful whole and could reject, simply and affectively, the models that do not meet the theory’s constraints. In this paper we bring together some of the existing theories on a set of processes (working memory, reasoning, visual and language processing) and a large variety of psychological, neurophysiological and computational data. We thus formulate a more general theory which, in a reasonable way, imposes a larger set of constraints on the preparation of models and challenges the validity of some inappropiate models that currently enjoy a certain prestige

Plasmodium falciparum ligand binding to erythrocytes induce alterations in deformability essential for invasion

The most lethal form of malaria in humans is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. These parasites invade erythrocytes, a complex process involving multiple ligand-receptor interactions. The parasite makes initial contact with the erythrocyte followed by dramatic deformations linked to the function of the Erythrocyte binding antigen family and P. falciparum reticulocyte binding-like families. We show EBA-175 mediates substantial changes in the deformability of erythrocytes by binding to glycophorin A and activating a phosphorylation cascade that includes erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins resulting in changes in the viscoelastic properties of the host cell. TRPM7 kinase inhibitors FTY720 and waixenicin A block the changes in the deformability of erythrocytes and inhibit merozoite invasion by directly inhibiting the phosphorylation cascade. Therefore, binding of P. falciparum parasites to the erythrocyte directly activate a signaling pathway through a phosphorylation cascade and this alters the viscoelastic properties of the host membrane conditioning it for successful invasion

Cell-Cell Communication between Malaria-Infected Red Blood Cells via Exosome-like Vesicles

Cell-cell communication is an important mechanism for information exchange promoting cell survival for the control of features such as population density and differentiation. We determined that Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells directly communicate between parasites within a population using exosome-like vesicles that are capable of delivering genes. Importantly, communication via exosome-like vesicles promotes differentiation to sexual forms at a rate that suggests that signaling is involved. Furthermore, we have identified a P. falciparum protein, PfPTP2, that plays a key role in efficient communication. This study reveals a previously unidentified pathway of P. falciparum biology critical for survival in the host and transmission to mosquitoes. This identifies a pathway for the development of agents to block parasite transmission from the human host to the mosquito.Neta Regev-Rudzki, Danny W. Wilson, Teresa G. Carvalho, Xavier Sisquella, Bradley M. Coleman, Melanie Rug, Dejan Bursac, Fiona Angrisano, Michelle Gee, Andrew F. Hill, Jake Baum, Alan F. Cowma

Working memory, attention and compositionality

Es una práctica habitual en Psicología desarrollar microteorías para explicar datos muy concretos obtenidos en un conjunto limitado de tareas. Cuando todo el peso de la elaboración teórica recae en unos datos empíricos específicos sin tener en cuenta otras restricciones teóricas más generales, los grados de libertad para elaborar un modelo son en general muchos y esto hace que la proliferación de modelos sea considerable sin que se disponga de las suficientes restricciones para descartar cuáles son inadecuados. Las discusiones sobre qué modelos son los adecuados se enquistan en polémicas interminables. Teorías más generales permitirían integrar un mayor número de datos (empíricos y computacionales) en un todo con sentido y así se podrían descartar, de forma más simple y efectiva, los modelos que no se ajustan a estas restricciones. En este trabajo hemos intentado integrar en una todo con sentido algunas de las teorías existentes sobre un conjunto amplio de procesos (memoria de trabajo, razonamiento, procesamiento visual, procesamiento de lenguaje) y una amplia variedad de datos psicológicos, neurofisiológicos y computacionales. Como resultado se obtiene una teoría más general que, de forma razonable, permite imponer un amplio conjunto de restricciones a la hora de elaborar modelos sobre ciertos fenómenos y permite entre otras cosas descartar como inadecuados modelos actuales que gozan de cierto prestigio.It is standard practice in Psychology to develop microtheories to explain very specific data obtained from a reduced set of tasks. If more general theoretical constraints are disregarded, the results may be an uncontrolled proliferation of models. Discussions of which models are appropiate and which are not cause end less controversy. With a more general theory, one could put together a larger body of data (both empirical and computational) into a meaningful whole and could reject, simply and affectively, the models that do not meet the theory’s constraints. In this paper we bring together some of the existing theories on a set of processes (working memory, reasoning, visual and language processing) and a large variety of psychological, neurophysiological and computational data. We thus formulate a more general theory which, in a reasonable way, imposes a larger set of constraints on the preparation of models and challenges the validity of some inappropiate models that currently enjoy a certain prestige

Alternative technologies to control postharvest diseases of stone fruits

Purpose of review The aim of this review is to assemble the key information available to understand the pathology and to develop strategies (pre- and postharvest) to control the main postharvest diseases of stone fruits. Findings The bibliography presented in this review contains the most interesting research done in the last few years concerning the main postharvest diseases of stone fruit, and especially that caused by Monilinia spp. Recent studies of the epidemiology of this pathogen and the disease it causes in the field have revealed essential aspects of its behavior that facilitate the design of effective preharvest disease management strategies. Moreover, there is a large volume of recent studies about a wide range of strategies to control brown rot after harvest that include Chemical control methods including food additives, natural compounds and natural edible coatings; biological control; and physical treatments. Directions for future research Although a large number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of alternative postharvest treatments, only few of them are currently applied under commercial conditions. Some others, although developed and intended for near future commercial application, have limitations such as economic cost, delays due to registration issues, or reduced efficacy compared to conventional fungicides. Research is needed to resolve these obstacles to make all these strategies available in a near future. © 2015 SPS (UK) Ltd

Efeito de diferentes revestimentos comerciais na quali-dade pós-colheita de frutas cítricas para exportação

Abstract The use of fruit coatings aims to avoid dehydration, minimize the occurrence of spots in the peel and weight loss as well as extend the postharvest life maintaining fruit appearance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different fruit coatings in fruit quality, weight loss and acetaldehyde and ethanol production in different mandarin and orange varieties, during postharvest storage. With that aim, fruits of different varieties, with or without degreening and with postharvest fungicide treatment, were treated in experimental conditions with the commercial coatings Brillaqua UE-Mercosur and UEJ-Mercosur, Citrosol AUE and Sunseal, and Concentrol AC36, repeating the evaluation of the more promising treatments in commercial conditions together with Brillaqua UEF6-Mercosur, Citrosol AKUE y Tecnidex Teycer-GLK. In both experiments, fruit was stored for 6 weeks at 1±0.5 ºC plus 7 days at room temperature simulating shelf life. External and internal quality were evaluated at different moments during storage. None of the treatments affected fruit firmness, external or internal quality negatively compared with the commercial control BRIUE. The most promising treatments for their application in citrus postharvest and storage at 1 ºC were Brillaqua UEF6-Mercosur, Citrosol AKUE y Tecnidex Teycer-GLK, showing an acceptable brightness level, good appearance and superior quality. Concentrol AC36 y Citrosol AUE were not discarded as alternatives since they presented acceptable brightness, appearance and acetaldehyde and ethanol levels after storage.Resumen El uso de recubrimientos tiene como objetivo evitar la deshidratación, minimizar la aparición de manchas en la piel y la pérdida de peso, además de prolongar la vida poscosecha y mantener la apariencia de los frutos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes recubrimientos en la calidad, la pérdida de peso y la producción de acetaldehído y etanol en distintas variedades de mandarina y naranja, durante el almacenamiento poscosecha. Para ello, frutos de distintas variedades, con o sin desverdizado, y con tratamiento fungicida poscosecha, fueron tratados con los recubrimientos comerciales Brillaqua UE-Mercosur y UEJ-Mercosur, Citrosol AUE y Sunseal, y Concentrol AC36, en condiciones experimentales, repitiéndose la evaluación de los más promisorios en condiciones comerciales junto con Brillaqua UEF6-Mercosur, Citrosol AKUE y Tecnidex Teycer-GLK. En ambos ensayos la fruta se almacenó durante 6 semanas a 1±0,5 °C más 7 días a temperatura ambiente, simulando la vida comercial. Se evaluó la calidad visual e interna de los frutos en diferentes momentos del almacenamiento. Ningún tratamiento afectó negativamente la firmeza, la calidad externa o interna de la fruta en comparación con el control comercial BRIUE. Los recubrimientos más promisorios para su aplicación en poscosecha de frutos cítricos y posterior almacenamiento a 1 °C fueron Brillaqua UEF6-Mercosur, Citrosol AKUE y Tecnidex Teycer-GLK, presentando un nivel de brillo, aspecto visual general y calidad superiores. No se descartan los recubrimientos Concentrol AC36 y Citrosol AUE, con aceptables niveles de brillo luego de la conservación, aspecto visual general, así como niveles de acetaldehído y etanol.Resumo O uso de revestimentos visa evitar a desidratação, minimizar o aparecimento de manchas na pele e perda de peso, além de prolongar a vida pós-colheita, mantendo o aspecto dos frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes revestimentos na qualidade, perda de peso e produção de acetaldeído e etanol, em diferentes variedades de tangerina e laranja, durante o armazenamento pós-colheita. Para isso, frutos de diferentes variedades, com ou sem esverdeamento e com tratamento fungicida pós-colheita, foram tratados com os revestimentos comerciais Brillaqua UE-Mercosur e UEJ-Mercosur, Citrosol AUE e Sunseal e Concentrol AC36, em condições experimentais, repetindo a avaliação dos mais promissores em condições comerciais, juntamente com Brillaqua UEF6-Mercosur, Citrosol AKUE e Tecnidex Teycer-GLK. Nos dois testes, o fruto foi armazenado por 6 semanas a 1 ± 0,5 ° C mais 7 dias à temperatura ambiente, simulando a vida comercial. A qualidade visual e interna dos frutos foi avaliada em diferentes momentos de armazenamento. Nenhum tratamento afetou negativamente a firmeza, a qualidade externa ou interna da fruta em relação ao controle comercial BRIUE. Os revestimentos mais promissores para aplicação pós-colheita de frutas cítricas e posterior armazenamento a 1 ° C foram Brillaqua UEF6-Mercosul, Citrosol AKUE e Tecnidex Teycer-GLK, apresentando um nível de brilho, aparência visual geral e qualidade superior. Os revestimentos Concentrol AC36 e Citrosol AUE com níveis de brilho aceitáveis após a preservação, aparência visual geral, bem como os níveis de acetaldeído e etanol não são descartados.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effects of different comercial coatings on postharvest citrus fruit quality for export. [Efecto de distintos recubrimientos comerciales en la calidad poscosecha de frutos cítricos para exportación.]. [Efeito de diferentes revestimentos comerciais na quali-dade pós-colheita de frutas cítricas para exportaçao.].

ABSTRACT - The use of fruit coatings aims to avoid dehydration, minimize the occurrence of spots in the peel and weight loss as well as extend the postharvest life maintaining fruit appearance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different fruit coatings in fruit quality, weight loss and acetaldehyde and ethanol production in differ-ent mandarin and orange varieties, during postharvest storage. With that aim, fruits of different varieties, with or without degreening and with postharvest fungicide treatment, were treated in experimental conditions with the commercial coatings Brillaqua UE-Mercosur and UEJ-Mercosur, Citrosol AUE and Sunseal, and Concentrol AC36, repeating the evaluation of the more promising treatments in commercial conditions together with Brillaqua UEF6-Mercosur, Citrosol AKUE y Tecnidex Teycer-GLK. In both experiments, fruit was stored for 6 weeks at 1±0.5 ºC plus 7 days at room temperature simulating shelf life. External and internal quality were evaluated at different moments during storage. None of the treatments affected fruit firmness, external or internal quality negatively compared with the commercial control BRIUE. The most promising treatments for their application in citrus post-harvest and storage at 1 ºC were Brillaqua UEF6- Mercosur, Citrosol AKUE y Tecnidex Teycer-GLK, showing an acceptable brightness level, good appearance and superior quality. Concentrol AC36 y Citrosol AUE were not discarded as alternatives since they presented acceptable brightness, appearance and acetaldehyde and etha-nol levels after storage..-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.RESUMEN - El uso de recubrimientos tiene como objetivo evitar la deshidratación, minimizar la aparición de manchas en la piel y la pérdida de peso, además de prolongar la vida poscosecha y mantener la apariencia de los frutos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes recubrimientos en la calidad, la pérdida de peso y la producción de acetaldehído y etanol en distintas variedades de mandarina y naranja, durante el almacena-miento poscosecha. Para ello, frutos de distintas variedades, con o sin desverdizado, y con tratamiento fungicida poscosecha, fueron tratados con los recubrimientos comerciales Brillaqua UE-Mercosur y UEJ-Mercosur, Citrosol AUE y Sunseal, y Concentrol AC36, en condiciones experimentales, repitiéndose la evaluación de los más pro-misorios en condiciones comerciales junto con Brillaqua UEF6- Mercosur, Citrosol AKUE y Tecnidex Teycer-GLK. En ambos ensayos la fruta se almacenó durante 6 semanas a 1±0,5 °C más 7 días a temperatura ambiente, simulando la vida comercial. Se evaluó la calidad visual e interna de los frutos en diferentes momentos del almacenamiento. Ningún tratamiento afectó negativamente la firmeza, la calidad externa o interna de la fruta en comparación con el control comercial BRIUE. Los recubrimientos más promisorios para su aplicación en pos-cosecha de frutos cítricos y posterior almacenamiento a 1 °C fueron Brillaqua UEF6- Mercosur, Citrosol AKUE y Tecnidex Teycer-GLK, presentando un nivel de brillo, aspecto visual general y calidad superiores. No se descar-tan los recubrimientos Concentrol AC36 y Citrosol AUE,con aceptables niveles de brillo luego de la conserva-ción, aspecto visual general, así como niveles de acetaldehído y etanol