Temporal changes in the epidemiology, management, and outcome from acute respiratory distress syndrome in European intensive care units: a comparison of two large cohorts

Background: Mortality rates for patients with ARDS remain high. We assessed temporal changes in the epidemiology and management of ARDS patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation in European ICUs. We also investigated the association between ventilatory settings and outcome in these patients. Methods: This was a post hoc analysis of two cohorts of adult ICU patients admitted between May 1–15, 2002 (SOAP study, n = 3147), and May 8–18, 2012 (ICON audit, n = 4601 admitted to ICUs in the same 24 countries as the SOAP study). ARDS was defined retrospectively using the Berlin definitions. Values of tidal volume, PEEP, plateau pressure, and FiO2 corresponding to the most abnormal value of arterial PO2 were recorded prospectively every 24 h. In both studies, patients were followed for outcome until death, hospital discharge or for 60 days. Results: The frequency of ARDS requiring mechanical ventilation during the ICU stay was similar in SOAP and ICON (327[10.4%] vs. 494[10.7%], p = 0.793). The diagnosis of ARDS was established at a median of 3 (IQ: 1–7) days after admission in SOAP and 2 (1–6) days in ICON. Within 24 h of diagnosis, ARDS was mild in 244 (29.7%), moderate in 388 (47.3%), and severe in 189 (23.0%) patients. In patients with ARDS, tidal volumes were lower in the later (ICON) than in the earlier (SOAP) cohort. Plateau and driving pressures were also lower in ICON than in SOAP. ICU (134[41.1%] vs 179[36.9%]) and hospital (151[46.2%] vs 212[44.4%]) mortality rates in patients with ARDS were similar in SOAP and ICON. High plateau pressure (> 29 cmH2O) and driving pressure (> 14 cmH2O) on the first day of mechanical ventilation but not tidal volume (> 8 ml/kg predicted body weight [PBW]) were independently associated with a higher risk of in-hospital death. Conclusion: The frequency of and outcome from ARDS remained relatively stable between 2002 and 2012. Plateau pressure > 29 cmH2O and driving pressure > 14 cmH2O on the first day of mechanical ventilation but not tidal volume > 8 ml/kg PBW were independently associated with a higher risk of death. These data highlight the continued burden of ARDS and provide hypothesis-generating data for the design of future studies

The clinical relevance of oliguria in the critically ill patient : Analysis of a large observational database

Funding Information: Marc Leone reports receiving consulting fees from Amomed and Aguettant; lecture fees from MSD, Pfizer, Octapharma, 3 M, Aspen, Orion; travel support from LFB; and grant support from PHRC IR and his institution. JLV is the Editor-in-Chief of Critical Care. The other authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Urine output is widely used as one of the criteria for the diagnosis and staging of acute renal failure, but few studies have specifically assessed the role of oliguria as a marker of acute renal failure or outcomes in general intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Using a large multinational database, we therefore evaluated the occurrence of oliguria (defined as a urine output 16 years) patients in the ICON audit who had a urine output measurement on the day of admission were included. To investigate the association between oliguria and mortality, we used a multilevel analysis. Results: Of the 8292 patients included, 2050 (24.7%) were oliguric during the first 24 h of admission. Patients with oliguria on admission who had at least one additional 24-h urine output recorded during their ICU stay (n = 1349) were divided into three groups: transient - oliguria resolved within 48 h after the admission day (n = 390 [28.9%]), prolonged - oliguria resolved > 48 h after the admission day (n = 141 [10.5%]), and permanent - oliguria persisting for the whole ICU stay or again present at the end of the ICU stay (n = 818 [60.6%]). ICU and hospital mortality rates were higher in patients with oliguria than in those without, except for patients with transient oliguria who had significantly lower mortality rates than non-oliguric patients. In multilevel analysis, the need for RRT was associated with a significantly higher risk of death (OR = 1.51 [95% CI 1.19-1.91], p = 0.001), but the presence of oliguria on admission was not (OR = 1.14 [95% CI 0.97-1.34], p = 0.103). Conclusions: Oliguria is common in ICU patients and may have a relatively benign nature if only transient. The duration of oliguria and need for RRT are associated with worse outcome.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Prevention of acute kidney injury and protection of renal function in the intensive care unit

Acute renal failure on the intensive care unit is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. To determine recommendations for the prevention of acute kidney injury (AKI), focusing on the role of potential preventative maneuvers including volume expansion, diuretics, use of inotropes, vasopressors/vasodilators, hormonal interventions, nutrition, and extracorporeal techniques. A systematic search of the literature was performed for studies using these potential protective agents in adult patients at risk for acute renal failure/kidney injury between 1966 and 2009. The following clinical conditions were considered: major surgery, critical illness, sepsis, shock, and use of potentially nephrotoxic drugs and radiocontrast media. Where possible the following endpoints were extracted: creatinine clearance, glomerular filtration rate, increase in serum creatinine, urine output, and markers of tubular injury. Clinical endpoints included the need for renal replacement therapy, length of stay, and mortality. Studies are graded according to the international Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) group system Several measures are recommended, though none carries grade 1A. We recommend prompt resuscitation of the circulation with special attention to providing adequate hydration whilst avoiding high-molecular-weight hydroxy-ethyl starch (HES) preparations, maintaining adequate blood pressure using vasopressors in vasodilatory shock. We suggest using vasopressors in vasodilatory hypotension, specific vasodilators under strict hemodynamic control, sodium bicarbonate for emergency procedures administering contrast media, and periprocedural hemofiltration in severe chronic renal insufficiency undergoing coronary intervention

YOUTH ATHLETIC DEVELOPMENT AND MUSCULAR CHANGES AFTER 8-WEEK SUMMER EXERCISE PROGRAM

Ashley A. Herda1*, Rosemary Sisillo1, Makenzie Kerans1, Trent J. Herda2 1University of Kansas-Edwards Campus, Overland Park, KS; 2University of Kansas-Lawrence Campus, Lawrence, KS PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if a structured exercise program would impact body or muscle composition and athletic development in elementary-aged youth. METHODS: An 8-week summer exercise program was implemented for 10young males (n=6) and females (n=4) 5-11 years old. Participants engaged in 45 minutes of various high-intensity activities two times per week over the summer months. Body mass and composition were measured with a digital scaleand2-site skinfolds (subscapular and triceps; FATSF), respectively, and muscle composition [cross-sectional area (VLCSA), thickness (VLTHICK), and echo intensity (EI)] were measured using ultrasound imaging of the right quadriceps vastus lateralis muscle and subcutaneous fat (VLFAT) of the thigh. Additionally, strength, power, and speed were measured and assessed using dominant hand handgrip (HG), broad jump (BJ), 2-poundmedicine ball throw (MBPOW), and 10meter fly sprint (SPEED10M). Three participants did not complete follow-up testing and were not included in the analyses. Paired-samples t-tests were conducted to identify change in performance and body composition variables after the 8-week intervention with an α ≤ 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: As expected, all participants gained body mass over the 8-week program (mean diff=1.16±0.32kg, p=0.01) as they are all prepubescent and in growth flux age. Total body FATSF did not change (p=0.11). Additionally, muscle composition was altered with an increase in VLCSA (mean diff=1.04±0.30cm2, p=0.01) and VLFAT (mean diff=0.05±0.02cm, p=0.03). However, VLTHICK and EI did not change (p\u3e0.05). For performance, MBPOW was the only variable to improve significantly (mean diff=43.2±11.54cm, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: These results indicated that 8-weeks of structured summer exercise comprising of dynamic warm-up, calisthenics, and weighted strength and power activities increased body mass and VL muscle cross-sectional area without a transient change in lower-body performance in prepubescent youth. The marginal changes (+3.8%) in body mass may be due to their growth stage. However, FATSF did not change and the 15.1% improvement in upper-body power may imply training impacted athletic development more so than growth stage

MUSCLE COMPOSITION AND PERFORMANCE IN MALE AND FEMALE PREPUBESCENT YOUTH

Rosemary Sisillo1, Makenzie E. Kerans1, Jackson R. Dinsmore2, Trent J. Herda2, and Ashley A. Herda1 1University of Kansas-Edwards Campus, Overland Park, KS; 2University of Kansas-Lawrence Campus, Lawrence, KS PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify the relationships among thigh muscle composition and sprint speed in young males and females. METHODS: Fourteen young (range: 5-11 years) males (n=9) and females (n=5) were measured for height, weight, and seated height to determine leg length and maturation. Skinfold thickness of the right tricep and subscapular regions were measured to estimate body fat percentage. Additionally, an ultrasound image of the right quadriceps vastus lateralis (VL) muscle was recorded and analyzed for VL thickness (VLTHK), cross-sectional area (VLCSA), and subcutaneous fat (VLFAT). Participants performed a 10-meter sprint on a 25m marked turf course. The first 10mwere dedicated to acceleration, timing gates were set at the 10m and 20m marks and the final 5m was used for deceleration. Stepwise linear regression was used to determine prediction of the 10m sprint using anthropometric and muscle composition data. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients were determined between sprint speed and muscle composition. RESULTS: The results of the linear regression analysis indicated age, leg length, and VLFAT were the primary predictors of 10-meter sprint time (R2=0.916; p\u3c0.05). Cross-validation with a second group of individuals(5-11 years; n=7) resulted in a strong correlation between the actual 10m sprint time and predicted time (r=0.87, p=0.01) and a paired t-test indicated no difference between the predicted and actual 10m sprint time (mean diff=0.02s, p=0.70). Top speed (m/s) during the 10m sprint speed was correlated to VL thickness (r=0.56, p=0.04) and leg length (r=0.56, p=0.04) whereas the 10m sprint time was correlated with VLCSA (r=0.621, p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Application of anthropometric and muscle composition data to predict performance would be simple and non-exertive during recovery if a young athlete were injured and undergoing a rehabilitation protocol. These measurements also assist in determining sport specificity as they mature and begin to specialize in endurance, speed, or strength-based activities. Caution for this prediction should be exercised as this study used a relatively small sample to estimate the 10m sprint. Body composition should not be the primary focus at such a young age, rather skill development to optimize performance and reduce injury

High thoracic epidural anesthesia in coronary artery bypass surgery : a propensity-matched study

Objectives: To assess if 2 different anesthesia strategies, high-thoracic epidural anesthesia (HTEA) plus inhalation anesthesia and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with sufentanil/propofol had different influence on outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients. Design: Retrospective comparison of outcomes between HTEA and TIVA patients using propensity score pair-wise matching of patients. Setting: A university teaching hospital. Participants: A study of 1,473 consecutive patients undergoing elective CABG surgery; of these, 476 (32%) received HTEA combined with inhalation anesthesia, whereas 997 (68%) underwent TIVA alone. Interventions: The patients undergoing CABG surgery were offered the epidural-inhalation anesthetic approach. Measurements and Main Results: Propensity matching yielded 389 pairs of patients. Patients were well matched in preoperative and operative features. Postoperative mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, acute renal failure rates, and intensive care unit (ICU) stay were not statistically different in HTEA and TIVA groups. On the other hand, patients treated with HTEA had shorter ventilation times (5.8 \ub1 3.11 v 6.9 \ub1 5.0 hours, HTEA and TIVA, respectively, p < 0.001); in addition, vasoconstrictors were more frequently used in cases of HTEA, whereas vasodilators were mainly used with TIVA both intra- and postoperatively. No neurologic complications related to the use of HTEA were observed. Conclusions: HTEA and TIVA provided similar early outcomes after CABG surgery, and there were no major differences between these 2 strategies in the average risk CABG patient populations. Although HTEA did not cause neurologic problems and yielded a significant reduction in time to extubation, a consistent benefit over standard techniques could not be shown