Activités biologiques des champignons : recherches actuelles sur les facteurs de risque des maladies cardio-vasculaires

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Current research findings on the effects of selected mushrooms on cardiovascular diseases

International audienceFor about 50 years, scientists have studied the biological activities of Macromycetes on different pathologies. In this article different fungal activities that reduce the effects of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are reviewed. Among the 17 species tested on animals, 16 demonstrated at least one of the following activities: ability to reduce hypercholesterolemia or to cure dyslipoproteinemia, possibility to decrease arterial hypertension or hyperglycemia, and ability to cure disturbances in platelet aggregation

Obtaining predictive results with an objective evaluation of spoken dialogue systems : experiments with the DCR assessment paradigm

The DCR methodology is a framework that proposes a generic and detailed evaluation of spoken dialog systems. We have already detailed (Antoine et al., 1998) the theoretical bases of this paradigm. In this paper, we present some experimental results on spoken language understanding that show the feasibility and the reliability of the DCR evaluation as well as its ability to provide a detailed diagnosis of the system's behaviour. Finally, we highlight the extension of the DCR methodology to dialogue management. 1. Introduction During the last decade, the development of spoken language technologies has gone along with the achievement of large evaluation programs which concern spoken dialogue systems as well as some of their components (speech recognition, spoken language understanding, dialogue management). Generally speaking, this evaluation is based on the computation of quantitative metrics that intend to offer an objective and reproducible survey of the system's behaviour. For insta..

Obtaining Predictive Results With an Objective Evaluation of Spoken Dialogue

The DCR methodology is a framework that proposes a generic and detailed evaluation of spoken dialog systems. We have already detailed (Antoine et al., 1998) the theoretical bases of this paradigm. In this paper, we present some experimental results on spoken language understanding that show the feasibility and the reliability of the DCR evaluation as well as its ability to provide a detailed diagnosis of the system's behaviour. Finally, we highlight the extension of the DCR methodology to dialogue management

Higher energy flux may improve short-term appetite control in adolescents with obesity: The NEXT study.

International audienceRecent evidence suggests better appetite control in states of high-energy flux (HEF) in adults and lean children. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether this extends to youth with obesity. This study compares the effects of low, moderate or HEF on short-term appetitive control in adolescents with obesity. Sixteen adolescents with obesity (12-16 years, Tanner stages 3-5, 11 females) randomly completed three conditions: (i) low-energy flux (LEF); (ii) moderate energy flux (MEF; + 250 kcal) and (iii) HEF (HEF; + 500 kcal). Energy flux was achieved in MEF and HEF through elevated energy intake (EI) and concomitant increase in energy expenditure using cycling exercise (65 % VO2peak). Ad libitum EI, macronutrient intake and relative EI were assessed at dinner, subjective appetite sensations taken at regular intervals and food reward measured before dinner. Ad libitum EI at dinner was greater in LEF compared with HEF (P = 0·008), and relative EI (REI) was higher in LEF compared with MEF (P = 0·003) and HEF (P < 0·001). The absolute consumption of carbohydrates was lower in LEF compared with MEF (P = 0·047) and HEF (P < 0·001). Total AUC for hunger and desire to eat was lower in HEF compared with LEF (P < 0·001) and MEF (P = 0·038). Total AUC for prospective food consumption was lower on HEF compared with LEF (P = 0·004). Food choice sweet bias was higher in HEF (P = 0·005) compared with LEF. To conclude, increasing energy flux may improve short-term appetite control in adolescents with obesity

The energy content of meals with a similar macronutrient distribution may have a greater impact on appetite sensations than food preferences in adolescents with obesity: A secondary analysis

International audiencePurpose: The energy and macronutrient composition of a meal has been shown to influence postprandial appetitive responses, but it is not clear how energy content independent of macronutrient distribution affects postprandial appetite in adolescents with obesity. Extracting data from a primary study testing the effect of energy turnover on appetite, this secondary analysis assessed how fixed meals varying in energy content with similar macronutrient distributions influences postprandial appetite sensations and food reward.Methods: Using a randomised, counterbalanced crossover design, N = 14 adolescents with obesity (Mage = 12.71, SDage = 0.99; 10 female) consumed fixed lunch meals with similar macronutrient content starting at 750 kcal in energy and progressively increasing by 250 kcal on three different test days. Liking and wanting for food images varying in fat and taste were assessed at baseline and immediately after meal consumption. Appetite sensations were assessed in half-hour intervals from baseline to 1-h post-meal.Results: The area under the curve for subjective hunger (p < .001, ω = 0.36), desire to eat (p < .001, ω = 0.54), and prospective food consumption (p = .004, ω = 0.32) were significantly lower after consumption of the higher calorie meals relative to the lowest. Explicit wanting for sweet foods increased after intake of the intermediate calorie meal yet decreased after the highest calorie meal (p = .014, ω = 0.09). Conversely, implicit wanting sweet bias increased after consumption of the test meal independent of energy content (p < .001, ω = 0.15).Conclusion: The consumption of additional calories without a meaningful change in macronutrient distribution may affect appetite sensations more reliably than hedonic responses to energy-dense foods in adolescents with obesity.Keywords: Appetite; Energy intake; Food preference; Food reward; Macronutrients; Paediatric obesity

Weight loss does not affect the sit-to-stand metabolic cost in adolescents with obesity

International audiencePurposeThere is considerable interest in simple and effective methods to reduce sitting time and increase energy expenditure, and standing breaks have emerged as a realisable approach in individuals with obesity. The aim of the present study was to determine the extent to which energy expenditure in standing differs from sitting, and whether this energetic and metabolic-related responses are modified following a weight loss program in adolescents with obesity.MethodsAfter body composition assessment (DXA), cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables were continuously recorded (indirect calorimetry) during 10 min while sitting and then during 5 min standing posture before (n = 21; T1) and at the end of a multidisciplinary intervention (n = 17; T2) in adolescents with obesity.ResultsBefore and after the intervention, energy expenditure and fat oxidation rates were significantly increased in standing compared with sitting. Weight loss did not change the relationship between sitting and standing energy expenditure. Sitting energy expenditure represented 1.0 and 1.1 Metabolic Equivalent of Task at T1 and T2, and increased to 1.1 and 1.2 during standing at T1 and T2, respectively. The percentage of change of android fat mass between T1 and T2 was positively associated with the percentage of change in energy expenditure from sitting to standing at T2.ConclusionThe vast majority of the adolescents with obesity significantly increased their energy expenditure between sitting and standing, both before and after a weight loss intervention. However, the standing posture did not allow breaking the sedentary threshold. Abdominal fat mass is associated with energic profile

Effect of acute dietary- versus combined dietary and exercise-induced energy deficits on subsequent energy intake, appetite and food reward in adolescents with obesity

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DEMETERRES project: development of innovative technologies for removing radionuclides from contaminated solid and liquid matrices

International audienceAs part of the « post-accidental » management, the DEMETERRES project (RSNR PIA) proposes to develop innovative and environmentally friendly methods for removal of cesium and strontium from soils and liquid matrices in order to rehabilitate them for an agricultural use while minimizing the volume of generated wastes in accordance with the nuclear waste existing processes. Complementary approaches are used: they are based on physico-chemical technologies (such as foams flotation, supercritical CO2 extraction, extractants in fluidized bed reactor …) and biological ones (bioextractants, phytoextraction) which concepts are described. These researches aim to design innovative and performing extractants in term of selectivity and to achieve the pilot reactor phase for each of them. These pilots will group in a network to provide a technological platform lasting the project, to which will be attached an available network of experts. The respective advances of these researches are presented, completed of tests initiated in Japan on contaminated soils through partnerships

DEMETERRES project: development of innovative technologies for removing radionuclides from contaminated solid and liquid matrices

As part of the « post-accidental » management, the DEMETERRES project (RSNR PIA) proposes to develop innovative and environmentally friendly methods for removal of cesium and strontium from soils and liquid matrices in order to rehabilitate them for an agricultural use while minimizing the volume of generated wastes in accordance with the nuclear waste existing processes. Complementary approaches are used: they are based on physico-chemical technologies (such as foams flotation, supercritical CO2 extraction, extractants in fluidized bed reactor …) and biological ones (bioextractants, phytoextraction) which concepts are described. These researches aim to design innovative and performing extractants in term of selectivity and to achieve the pilot reactor phase for each of them. These pilots will group in a network to provide a technological platform lasting the project, to which will be attached an available network of experts. The respective advances of these researches are presented, completed of tests initiated in Japan on contaminated soils through partnerships