Development of broiler offal silage with molasses

Objective of the present study was to determine the feasibility of ensiling broiler offal (80) withmolasses. Forty two-days old broiler chicks were slaughtered and processed manually. Offal withoutfeathers were cut into small pieces and ensiled in airtight plastic containers for four weeks. Theexperiment followed a completely randomize design in 4*2 factorial arrangement. The treatmentcombinations were four molasses concentrations (5, 15,25 and 35% w/w) and two inoculation levels(0 and 10%). Yoghurt was used as the innoculum. Each treatment combination had five replicates.pH was measured at time 0, 12hrs, 24 hrs, day 3, day 7, day 14, day 21 and day 28 of the ensilingprocess. pH was 4.8 at the beginning of the ensiling process. After 12 hrs, in all treatments pHdropped slightly to around 4.6. The pH at 5% molasses level dropped quickly within a day of ensiling,and was significantly lower than the pH values of other molasses levels. However, pH at 5%molasses rose thereafter, and reached to an undesirable level by day 3. By one week of ensiling, thepH at 15,25 and 35% molasses levels were 4.1,4.2 and 4.2, respectively. Those were the lowest pHvalues observed for the respective molasses concentration. At all of the above three molasses levels,there was a slight pH increase by day 14 of the ensiling. Thereafter pH maintained at a constantlevels of 4.5,4.2 and 4.4 at 15,25 and 35% molasses levels, respectively. Except 5% molasses level,all other three levels of molasses gave typical odour of good silage. Liquefaction of the 80 was poorand thus grinding of the offal before ensiling may be useful. Inoculation had no effect on pH until day3 and, thereafter inoculation increased the pH and thus was detrimental for the ensiling process.. Itwas concluded that 80 could successfully be ensiled with 25% molasses. Inoculation with yoghurtculture had no beneficial effect on ensiling process.

Suitability of some agro-industrial by-products as litter material for poultry Physio-chemical properties

Paddy-husk (PH) based deep litter system is the most popular poultry management system in SriLanka. Physio-chemical properties of PH make it an ideal litter material for poultry keeping. SincePH is increasingly been demanded by other industries, availability of PH for poultry industry has beenrestricted from recent years. Objective of the present study was to screen the physio-chemicalproperties of some commonly available agro-industrial by-products, to be used as alternative littermaterials for poultry. Physio-chemical properties such as dry matter (OM), bulk density (BO), pH,water absorbability (WA) and water releasing capacity (WRC) of seven alternatives such as ricestraw (RS), coir dust (CD), wood shawing;WS, saw dust;SD, tree litter;TL, shredded paper;SP andrefused tea;RT)) were determined and, compared with the respective values of PH. The experimentfollowed a completely randomized design. The OM % of the alternatives tested ranged from 91 %(SO) to 92% (SP). OM contents ofWS and RT were statistically similar to that of PH. However,none ofthe material had either too low or too high OM levels to be disqualified as a litter material. pHvalues of the tested materials were statistically similar and were slightly acidic (mean 6.27; range6.1-6.5). PH had the highest BO (0.09g/cm'). The BOs of CD, SO and RT, though were lower thanPH, the values were not significantly different from that of PH. WA was also statistically differentbetween the materials. CD had the highest (ll 0 I%) WA while RT showed lowest (70%) WA. SO,SP and TL showed statistically similar WA as PH. Materials showed a great variability (from 7.7%for SO to 26.7% for RS) in relation to WRC. PH had 13.6% WRC within 241m. RT had the closestWRC capacity (17.9%) to PH. Materials such as RS, TS, WS and SP showed as high as 25%WRC. When materials were compared for the parameters tested against those of PH, RS and WSwere similar to PH only in relation to two parameters. Being comparable with PH for four parameters,SO was identified as the best alternative for PH. CD, TL, SP and RT were comparable with PH inrelation to three parameters. Since CD had excessive WA (I 10 I%) and very low WRC it can not berecommended further studies. This study concludes that physio-chemical properties of SO, TL, SPand RT are comparable with PH. Field studies involving live poultry are warranted to determine howbirds perform and behave when raised on these litter materials

Effects of alirocumab on types of myocardial infarction: insights from the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial

Aims  The third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI) Task Force classified MIs into five types: Type 1, spontaneous; Type 2, related to oxygen supply/demand imbalance; Type 3, fatal without ascertainment of cardiac biomarkers; Type 4, related to percutaneous coronary intervention; and Type 5, related to coronary artery bypass surgery. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction with statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduces risk of MI, but less is known about effects on types of MI. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo in 18 924 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and elevated LDL-C (≥1.8 mmol/L) despite intensive statin therapy. In a pre-specified analysis, we assessed the effects of alirocumab on types of MI. Methods and results  Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Myocardial infarction types were prospectively adjudicated and classified. Of 1860 total MIs, 1223 (65.8%) were adjudicated as Type 1, 386 (20.8%) as Type 2, and 244 (13.1%) as Type 4. Few events were Type 3 (n = 2) or Type 5 (n = 5). Alirocumab reduced first MIs [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77–0.95; P = 0.003], with reductions in both Type 1 (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77–0.99; P = 0.032) and Type 2 (0.77, 0.61–0.97; P = 0.025), but not Type 4 MI. Conclusion  After ACS, alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy favourably impacted on Type 1 and 2 MIs. The data indicate for the first time that a lipid-lowering therapy can attenuate the risk of Type 2 MI. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction below levels achievable with statins is an effective preventive strategy for both MI types.For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz299</p

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Effect of alirocumab on mortality after acute coronary syndromes. An analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES randomized clinical trial

Background: Previous trials of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9) inhibitors demonstrated reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events, but not death. We assessed the effects of alirocumab on death after index acute coronary syndrome. Methods: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab) was a double-blind, randomized comparison of alirocumab or placebo in 18 924 patients who had an ACS 1 to 12 months previously and elevated atherogenic lipoproteins despite intensive statin therapy. Alirocumab dose was blindly titrated to target achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) between 25 and 50 mg/dL. We examined the effects of treatment on all-cause death and its components, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death, with log-rank testing. Joint semiparametric models tested associations between nonfatal cardiovascular events and cardiovascular or noncardiovascular death. Results: Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Death occurred in 334 (3.5%) and 392 (4.1%) patients, respectively, in the alirocumab and placebo groups (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.98; P=0.03, nominal P value). This resulted from nonsignificantly fewer cardiovascular (240 [2.5%] vs 271 [2.9%]; HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.05; P=0.15) and noncardiovascular (94 [1.0%] vs 121 [1.3%]; HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.01; P=0.06) deaths with alirocumab. In a prespecified analysis of 8242 patients eligible for ≥3 years follow-up, alirocumab reduced death (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.94; P=0.01). Patients with nonfatal cardiovascular events were at increased risk for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths (P<0.0001 for the associations). Alirocumab reduced total nonfatal cardiovascular events (P<0.001) and thereby may have attenuated the number of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths. A post hoc analysis found that, compared to patients with lower LDL-C, patients with baseline LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL (2.59 mmol/L) had a greater absolute risk of death and a larger mortality benefit from alirocumab (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.90; Pinteraction=0.007). In the alirocumab group, all-cause death declined wit h achieved LDL-C at 4 months of treatment, to a level of approximately 30 mg/dL (adjusted P=0.017 for linear trend). Conclusions: Alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy has the potential to reduce death after acute coronary syndrome, particularly if treatment is maintained for ≥3 years, if baseline LDL-C is ≥100 mg/dL, or if achieved LDL-C is low. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01663402

Urea–hydroxyapatite-montmorillonite nanohybrid composites as slow release nitrogen compositions

Nanohybrid composite was developed by the encapsulation of urea modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into the nanolayers of montmorillonite. The nanohybrid composites were synthesized by two approaches; solution phase synthesis and liquid assisted grinding techniques and were tested for their slow release nitrogen in soil. The characterization results revealed the successful realization of a nanohybrid containing urea modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles encapsulated in montmorillonite. The release behavior of urea in different pH values indicated a slow and sustained release of nitrogen. The rate of release of N was significantly lower in the nanohybrid composite prepared using solvent assisted grinding techniques. Pot trials conducted using Oryza sativa (rice) demonstrated a significant yield enhancement with the novel plant nutrient system. Montmorillonite nanohybrid composite thus prepared can be used as an environmentally friendly fertilizer formulation which could be extended to solve one of the major problems faced in the global fertilization of low nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture

Environmental impacts on waste and water disposal from abbatoirs and poultry processing units in Weligama area,

Selling of Mas ,:s..one of the popular businesses among the Muslim community in the Weligama area.Therefcre, the C)~jective of the present study was to collect baseline data 011 the waste and waterdisp. ..:•.i methods and sanitary measures in abattoirs and poultry farms in the are i. Selected abattoirsand poultry farms were visited to monitor the prevailing conditions and advice abattoirs and poultryfarmers how to improve the standards in their working places. The results of this study revealed thatail the abattoirs possess experience but little skill, knowledge and technology. All the visited abattoirsare situated close to residential areas, especially close to water bodies such as wells and streams. Thereason is that the abattoirs need lot of water for cieaning and other purposes. Animals were killed 0'1the floor just afrer cleaning with water. Approximately 100-\50 kg meat was processed daily. Thecarcass recovery percentage was 50%; thereby waste generated was also 50% of the Iive weight ofthe animal. Approximately half of the waste contained bones, buried and used as fertilizer at a latterstage. Inedible parts of the digestive track and undigested material also buried, however, very close tothe proximity of residential areas. The amount of water used was around 80-\ 00 I/day but no properway of disposing polluted water as it directly gees to drams, streams and opened wells etc. It was alsoobserved that all the poultry cages and processing units were located very close to residential areas.Around 300 kg' of poultry meat was produced daily. The carcass recovery was around 70-75% whilethe amount of waste generated was 25-30% of the live weight of a bird. Average waste materialgenerated from a processing unit was around 75 kg/day. The offal's were properly disposed due tocollection by the urban council for COP1PCStmaking. It prevents environmental pollution and health hazards due to accumulation of offal and other wastes. Some processors were not involved in aboveprogramme and buried their wastes but complained that they do not have enough area for wastedisposal.lt is concluded that poultry processing involve with proper waste disposal methods. However,abattoirs use very unhygienic methods for waste disposal while no attention was focused on waterpollution as well. Therefore, it is utmost important to educate the abattoirs for proper waste and watermanagement techn iques in order to min im ize the environmenta I hazards.

Environmental impacts on waste and water disposal from abbatoirs and poultry processing units in Weligama area,

Selling of Mas ,:s..one of the popular businesses among the Muslim community in the Weligama area.Therefcre, the C)~jective of the present study was to collect baseline data 011 the waste and waterdisp. ..:•.i methods and sanitary measures in abattoirs and poultry farms in the are i. Selected abattoirsand poultry farms were visited to monitor the prevailing conditions and advice abattoirs and poultryfarmers how to improve the standards in their working places. The results of this study revealed thatail the abattoirs possess experience but little skill, knowledge and technology. All the visited abattoirsare situated close to residential areas, especially close to water bodies such as wells and streams. Thereason is that the abattoirs need lot of water for cieaning and other purposes. Animals were killed 0'1the floor just afrer cleaning with water. Approximately 100-\50 kg meat was processed daily. Thecarcass recovery percentage was 50%; thereby waste generated was also 50% of the Iive weight ofthe animal. Approximately half of the waste contained bones, buried and used as fertilizer at a latterstage. Inedible parts of the digestive track and undigested material also buried, however, very close tothe proximity of residential areas. The amount of water used was around 80-\ 00 I/day but no properway of disposing polluted water as it directly gees to drams, streams and opened wells etc. It was alsoobserved that all the poultry cages and processing units were located very close to residential areas.Around 300 kg' of poultry meat was produced daily. The carcass recovery was around 70-75% whilethe amount of waste generated was 25-30% of the live weight of a bird. Average waste materialgenerated from a processing unit was around 75 kg/day. The offal's were properly disposed due tocollection by the urban council for COP1PCStmaking. It prevents environmental pollution and health hazards due to accumulation of offal and other wastes. Some processors were not involved in aboveprogramme and buried their wastes but complained that they do not have enough area for wastedisposal.lt is concluded that poultry processing involve with proper waste disposal methods. However,abattoirs use very unhygienic methods for waste disposal while no attention was focused on waterpollution as well. Therefore, it is utmost important to educate the abattoirs for proper waste and watermanagement techn iques in order to min im ize the environmenta I hazards

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: an Australian single centre experience with medium term follow up

Background: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is increasingly recognised in patients presenting with features of acute coronary syndrome. We present a single centre experience of TC with medium term follow up. Methods: Fifty-two consecutive patients presenting with a diagnosis of TC were included. The clinical presentation, complications, baseline and follow-up echocardiograms and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were analysed. Results: Fifty-one patients were female. A stressful event preceded presentation in 37 (71%) patients. Chest pain was the most common symptom (83%). Two patients presented with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. ST segment elevation (40%) and global T wave inversion (44%) were the most frequent electrocardiogram changes. Left ventricular assessment demonstrated typical apical ballooning in 41 patients and 11 patients demonstrated the mid-wall variant. In-hospital complications occurred in 11 patients (21%) and included acute pulmonary oedema (n=2), cardiogenic shock (n=5); two of whom had a significant left ventricular outflow gradient, atrial fibrillation (n=1), left ventricular thrombus (n=2) and a cerebrovascular event (n=2). Left ventricular function at presentation and follow up was compared in 40 patients. The mean ejection fraction in this group at presentation was 47% (20-70%) compared with that at follow up of 63% (44-76%). There were no significant complications or recurrences at follow up. Conclusions: While TC is a reversible condition with low rates of complications and recurrence at follow up it is, as demonstrated in our cohort, associated with significant in-hospital morbidity in a proportion of patients