Activity Budget of Ex-captive Sumatran Orangutan Post Release in Sumatran Orangutan Reintroduction Centre in Jambi

Excaptive orangutans were not have a proportional activity budget for their suitable food, so that many individuals have been failed to adapt.Assessment daily activity budget should to have for excaptive orangutans to determine successful adaptation to independent life. Our reserachconducted on 13 individuals who were divided into two groups according to behavioral characteristic were seven individuals tame and six individualssemiwild. We recorded their activities for 9-10 days (7.290–8.100 minutes) after their released via instantaneous sampling method with a sampleinterval for 2 minutes. The results showed that group of semiwild spent duration on feeding (43%) higher than tame (28%), whereas tame spent onresting (55%) higher than semiwild (38%). Results of analysis on daily activities of two groups showed significant differences in resting, feeding andother activities among the two groups (n1=70; n2=56) have probability value of Mann Whitney Test resting: p=0,000<0,05; feeding:p=0,000<0,05; other activities: p=0,009<0,05. Only moving activity showed no significant difference results (n1= 70, n2=56; p=0,507>0,05).Semiwild group has activity budget similar to wild orangutans in natural habitat

Activity Budget of Ex-captive Sumatran Orangutan Post Release in Sumatran Orangutan Reintroduction Centre in Jambi

Excaptive orangutans were not have a proportional activity budget for their suitable food, so that many individuals have been failed to adapt.Assessment daily activity budget should to have for excaptive orangutans to determine successful adaptation to independent life. Our reserachconducted on 13 individuals who were divided into two groups according to behavioral characteristic were seven individuals tame and six individualssemiwild. We recorded their activities for 9-10 days (7.290–8.100 minutes) after their released via instantaneous sampling method with a sampleinterval for 2 minutes. The results showed that group of semiwild spent duration on feeding (43%) higher than tame (28%), whereas tame spent onresting (55%) higher than semiwild (38%). Results of analysis on daily activities of two groups showed significant differences in resting, feeding andother activities among the two groups (n1=70; n2=56) have probability value of Mann Whitney Test resting: p=0,000<0,05; feeding:p=0,000<0,05; other activities: p=0,009<0,05. Only moving activity showed no significant difference results (n1= 70, n2=56; p=0,507>0,05).Semiwild group has activity budget similar to wild orangutans in natural habitat.Keywords: activity budget, ex-captive, sumatran orangutan

Group Formation of the Long-Tailed Macaques Introduced onto Tinjil Island, West Java

Between 1;ebruary 1488 and June 1941, 478 long-tailed macaques (58 males, 420 females) were releasedonto 'Tinjil Island to estahlisli a natural habitat breeding facility. The monkeys were released on 10 differentoccasions over the three years period and did not represent established social groups at the time of release. Approxirnalely 33% of the entire breeder populalion (28 males and 130 females) has been identified by tattoo. Because each monkey received a chest tattoo before released onto the island, it has been possible to reconstruct and tract social group formation by matching an individual's tattoo with its date of release. Assesment of the tattoo data From five of the groups identified on the island indicates that the social groups are not composed of animals from a single release group, hut rather consist of animals from several release groups. Animals from all10 release groups are represented among the five social groups. Membership in the five groups has remainedrelatively stahle during the past four years olohservation (1990-1993) with minimal exchange of group members

Group Formation of the Long-Tailed Macaques Introduced Onto Tinjil Island, West Java

Between 1;ebruary 1488 and June 1941, 478 long-tailed macaques (58 males, 420 females) were releasedonto 'Tinjil Island to estahlisli a natural habitat breeding facility. The monkeys were released on 10 differentoccasions over the three years period and did not represent established social groups at the time of release. Approxirnalely 33% of the entire breeder populalion (28 males and 130 females) has been identified by tattoo. Because each monkey received a chest tattoo before released onto the island, it has been possible to reconstruct and tract social group formation by matching an individual's tattoo with its date of release. Assesment of the tattoo data From five of the groups identified on the island indicates that the social groups are not composed of animals from a single release group, hut rather consist of animals from several release groups. Animals from all10 release groups are represented among the five social groups. Membership in the five groups has remainedrelatively stahle during the past four years olohservation (1990-1993) with minimal exchange of group members

Emerging threats from deforestation and forest fragmentation in the Wallacea centre of endemism

The Wallacea biogeographic region of Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Lesser Sunda, is globally renowned for exceptional endemism, but is currently emerging as a development frontier in Indonesia. We assessed patterns and drivers of forest loss and fragmentation across the region, and used dynamic deforestation models to project future deforestation to 2053. Up to 10,231 km2 was deforested between 2000 and 2018, and a further 49,570 km2 is expected to be lost by 2053, with annual deforestation rates ranging between 0.09% and 2.17% in different sub-regions (average: 1.23%). Key Biodiversity Areas (priority sites for endemic and threatened biodiversity) are particularly vulnerable to deforestation if they are small, coastal and unprotected. Sub-regional variation in deforestation patterns and drivers must be acknowledged if conservation interventions are to be targeted and effective. We provide a valuable baseline from which to monitor Wallacea’s new development course, as Indonesia undergoes profound policy changes that will provide both challenges and opportunities for environmental governance and conservation

Re-introduction of Bornean orang-utans to Meratus protected forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

First paragraph: The orangutan is the only great ape living in Asia and 90% of the population lives in the forests of Indonesia. There are two species of orangutan, the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus, divided into 3 subspecies: P. pygmaeus morio, P. pygmaeus wurmbii and P.pygmaeus pygmaeus), and the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). Pongo pygmaeus is classified as endangered and Pongo abelii as critically endangered (IUCN Red Data List, 2008), and listed on CITES App. I. Habitat destruction and fragmentation are the greatest threats to wild orangutans and are responsible for the drastic reduction in their numbers. Over the past 20 years, 4 million ha (of a total 13 million) of orangutan habitat have been converted for agriculture and palm-oil plantations (UNEP, 2007). Wanariset Orangutan Reintroduction Project (WORP) was established in 1991 by the Balikpapan Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF). The project rescues and rehabilitates orphaned orangutans and releases them back to their natural habitat (Smits et al., 1995). Between 1991- 2008, WORP released more than 400 orangutans to two release sites; Sungai Wain and Meratus forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. At the end of 2009, 220 orangutans reside at the Wanariset Centre in Samboja (prerelease rehabilitation centre) in various stages of rehabilitation, destined for release (Siregar, 2009)

Past deforestation (2000-2018) and future deforestation probability (2019-2053) for Wallacea

Primary forest and deforestation in Wallacea, Indonesia, used to calibrate the deforestation model presented in Voigt et al 2021 (https://kar.kent.ac.uk/89330/) and projected deforestation probability in 5-year intervals from 2019-2053