The Sumatran Tiger\u27s Corridor in Agam, West Sumatra: An Initial Analysis of the Metrics Indices Landscape

Increased habitat pressure is indicated by high levels of human-tiger conflict (HTC). For Sumatran tigers to survive, structural corridor management is essential to managing the tiger metapopulation. Since 2016, Agam Regency has seen a sharp rise in HTC. This exploratory study aimed to understand variations in the corridor\u27s forest cover and to evaluate the relationship between landscape metric indicators and fluctuations in HTC density. Agam\u27s corridor is separated into 31 grids (3x3km). HTC information was gathered from earlier studies and web searches for incidents from 2000 to 2024. Tropical Forest Monitoring\u27s landcover dataset was obtained through the use of a Google Earth Engine script. The LecoS plug-in is used to calculate landscape metric indices. For non-normally distributed data, the Spearman correlation statistic (95% CI) is employed. Before the HTC series in 2016, there was a twofold increase in deforestation, from 0.56% to 1.1% between 2010 and 2015. Nine landscape metrics, including forest area, forest proportion, NP, PD, GPA, LPI, PCI, and splitting index, exhibited a significant correlation with HTC density (p-value < 0.05). Around the corridor, high HTC density was associated with PD >10 patches km-2, LPI <44%, forest fraction <50.76%, and more disaggregated patches (PCI<9.79%). Since it may not be feasible to reduce HTC to zero incidents in the vicinity of human-dominated tiger habitats, expectations should be moderated, as lower HTC density occurs in wider landscape metric ranges. Improving PCI by aggregating patches and reducing NP while maintaining the remaining forest can potentially reduce HTC incidents and increase corridor function in tiger metapopulation management. The challenges are enormous, as  94% the corridor is in a non-protected area.

Tourism Suitability Index and Ecological Carrying Capacity in the Citepus, Karang Hawu, and Cikaso Beaches, Sukabumi Regency, Indonesia

Indonesia is known as a country with the second-longest coastline in the world. This geological condition offers promising potential for coastal tourism. However, the potential of coastal tourism is not without its management challenges. This study was conducted to analyze the tourism suitability index and ecological carrying capacity of coastal tourism at Citepus, Karang Hawu, and Cikaso Beaches. The assessment was conducted for three tourism categories: beach recreation, swimming, and camping. The tourism suitability index was assessed based on 12 physical beach criteria, including beach type and width, substrate type, depth, water transparency, current velocity, wave height, beach slope, vegetation, the presence of dangerous biota, freshwater availability, and scenery diversity. The ecological carrying capacity of the tourism area was calculated based on the coastal area and the optimal ecotourism area criteria for each type of recreation. The study was conducted from April to June 2025. The results of the tourism suitability index assessment showed that Citepus and Cikaso Beaches were categorized as very suitable for all three tourism activities. In contrast, Karang Hawu Beach was categorized as very suitable for beach recreation, moderately suitable for swimming, and conditionally suitable for camping. The coastal ecological carrying capacity assessment varied by beach size. Citepus Beach can accommodate 503 tourists for beach recreation, 378 for swimming, and 1,558 for camping. Karang Hawu Beach can accommodate 403 tourists for recreation, 302 for swimming, and 1,171 for camping. Cikaso Beach can accommodate 269 tourists for beach recreation, 201 for swimming, and 957 for camping

Diverse Habitat Types Support High Bird Diversity in Jali River Estuary, Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia

The Jali River estuary a compact 5.45-hectare mosaic of nine habitat types on Java\u27s south coast, was surveyed from March to May 2023 to assess its avian diversity and community structure. Using point counts (n=12 points, 3 replicates) conducted during low tide periods, we recorded 229 individual encounters representing 41 species from 19 families. The estuary exhibited high overall bird diversity (Shannon-Wiener H\u27 = 3.212 ± 0.102) with moderate evenness (E\u27 = 0.605). Standardized encounter rates varied across habitats, with the River and Pandanus stand showing the highest values. Analysis of community similarity (Bray-Curtis index) revealed five distinct ecological clusters, demonstrating that bird assemblage composition was driven more by habitat structure and resource availability than by spatial proximity. This was further supported by NMDS ordination (stress = 0.14) and SIMPER analysis, which identified key indicator species such as the Zitting Cisticola for open terrestrial clusters and the Cerulean Kingfisher for mangroves. The estuary\u27s significant conservation value is highlighted by the presence of eight species protected under Indonesian law (PERMENLHK P.106/2018), including the globally Endangered Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris) and the Vulnerable Christmas Frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi). These findings underscore that even small, heterogeneous estuaries can support high avian diversity and serve as vital refuges for threatened species, necessitating targeted conservation strategies focused on preserving critical habitats like mudflats, river corridors, and Casuarina stands

Economic Impact of Community Activities in Ruteng Nature Tourism Park Area, East Nusa Tenggara Province

This study addresses a gap in understanding the specific economic impacts of community engagement in Ruteng Nature Tourism Park (TWA Ruteng) on local livelihoods. While prior research highlights general benefits of tourism, limited attention has been given to the direct economic activities and their outcomes within TWA Ruteng. The objectives of this research are to analyze the economic activities of the Ngkiong Ndora Village community and evaluate their effects on household income. Data collection was conducted through interviews, observations, documentation, and literature review. Participants were categorized into three strata based on land ownership: 34 respondents in stratum I, 60 in stratum II, and 12 in stratum III. The data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of economic dynamics. The results reveal that the community engages in land cultivation, wood utilization, and the exploitation of non-timber resources. These activities have a significant positive economic impact, contributing 76.44% to household income and increasing income levels by 76.94%. This study offers novel insights into the interaction between local communities and nature tourism parks, particularly in Indonesia. It highlights the importance of integrating community involvement into tourism development strategies and illustrates how such engagement can yield substantial economic benefits. Additionally, it provides empirical evidence to inform policies that balance conservation efforts with local economic development, ensuring sustainability and improved livelihoods

Agritourism as a Model for Subak Conservation in Bali

This research investigates the role of agritourism in conserving Subak Jatiluwih as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Bali, based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy. This study seeks to investigate how agritourism operates as a device for the conservation of traditional agricultural landscapes when threatened by modernisation and tourism.The study employed an ethnographic case study involving fieldwork, interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. Fieldwork was conducted from June to November 2024, using purposive sampling to gather insights from 20 informants, including Subak leaders, farmers, tourism actors, community representatives, government officials, and visitors, providing a comprehensive, multilevel understanding of Subak Jatiluwih. This study identified four critical means by which agritourism promotes conservation: institutional strengthening, ritual conservation, experiential engagement, and the equitable distribution of benefits. Agritourism ensures the continuity of traditional farming and contributes to the dissemination of spiritual-ecological values and the involvement of the youth and the population of the communities concerned. However, there have also been criticisms of issues ranging from unequal benefits to cultural commodification. This evidence-based study demonstrates that adaptive and inclusive governance are essential for achieving fair outcomes. The framework provides transferable lessons on how agritourism can mediate economic, ecological, and cultural interests in heritage landscapes and offers a template for other rural contexts in Southeast Asia and elsewhere

Application of eDNA Technology to Assess Phytoplankton Diversity in the Ciliwung Downstream Area, Jakarta, Indonesia

Rivers have the potential for enormous flows of water, nutrients, and food that can create habitats for various living creatures. However, the flow of pollutants into estuaries and coastal areas can degrade environmental conditions in downstream areas of the river. Numerous studies have highlighted the loss of aquatic species due to increased stressors and pollutants in heavily contaminated rivers. This manuscript aims to analyze the phytoplankton diversity in three stations (natural riparian, concreted riparian, and estuary) of the Ciliwung River in Jakarta. Using environmental DNA (eDNA), we identified and compared the number of phytoplankton families and read sequences with various water quality parameters.  The results showed that each station consists of 16, 13, and 20 families with 11,257; 75,963; and 37,339 read sequences, respectively. The study showed that phytoplankton family diversity in Stations 1 and 2 correlates with water pollution levels (lightly to extremely polluted). In contrast, Station 3 exhibited an unusual pattern, with high family diversity despite declining water quality

Potential Habitats of Siamese Crocodiles and False Gharials in East Kalimantan for Conflict Resolution

Concerns in crocodiles sustainability have long been overlooked, due to humans fear of its ferocity and unresolved human-crocodile conflicts. The siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) and false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) are considered threatened by the IUCN red list because of their limited range and declining populations. In this study we developed habitat suitability model for both species and overlaid with anthropogenic factors to mitigate conflict between crocodiles and human in Mesangat-Suwi Wetland, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. We collected species presence from 2018–2023, measured environmental variables, interviewed 100 respondents, and mapped all information with Maximum Enthropy program (MaxEnt). Results showed that different factors influenced the habitat distribution for each species. Specifically, distance from swamps was affected the most for both crocodiles. Our model found that the potential habitat was much smaller than the non-potential ones due to humans’ intrusion. Much of the Mesangat-Suwi area was covered in high-conflict zones between humans and crocodiles, endangering both species even more. Hence, serious actions were urgently needed to resolve the conflict, either by prevention and mitigation actions, to ensure human-crocodile coexistence in East Kalimantan

Estimation of Sustainable Harvest Quota and Financial Analysis of Rusa timorensis in Intensive Captive Breeding

Captive breeding of Rusa timorensis is one of the conservation efforts aimed at maintaining a balance between conservation and sustainable utilization. To effectively manage this balance, it is crucial to establish a utilization level that does not compromise the population\u27s viability, which requires a thorough understanding of its demographic parameters. Furthermore, the sustainability of the breeding program itself is contingent upon its financial feasibility. This study aims to estimate demographic parameters, determine sustainable harvest quotas, and assess the financial feasibility of deer breeding in the Dramaga Research Forest, Indonesia. Methods included logbook analysis, observation, literature review, and interviews. Results show that the sustainable harvest quota under the intensive breeding system is 10 Rusa timorensis over the 2019–2023 period. The financial analysis demonstrates strong economic viability, with a Net Present Value of IDR 643 million at a 10% discount rate. The project demonstrated a Benefit-Cost Ratio exceeding 1, an Internal Rate of Return reaching 54%, and a rapid Payback Period of only 1.68 years. These findings suggest that intensive breeding can support both conservation objectives and economic profitability. Efficient management remains essential to ensure population sustainability and optimize benefits.

The Determination of Mangrove Restoration Area using Water Quality and Substrate Parameters

Mangrove plants have a substantial impact on ecosystems, both ecologically and economically. Planting mangroves is currently considered an effective method for overcoming the degradation of mangrove forests, particularly in Sebaru Kecil Island, which has limited research. Besides natural forces contributing to the success of mangrove plantations, ecological parameters are also crucial to assessing mangrove restoration areas. The parameters include physical-chemical water quality, plankton and benthos, and substrate quality. This measurement is carried out to evaluate the level of water fertility and soil conditions at the location that will be used for mangrove planting. This research aimed to determine the feasibility of the area for mangrove restoration based on physical, biological, and chemical water quality conditions, and to provide recommendations for planting mangroves suitable for Sebaru Kecil Island based on its substrate condition. The results showed that the physical-chemical parameters of the seawater at the mangrove planting locations met the quality standards, except for nitrate. The condition of plankton and benthos showed a high diversity index, with no dominant species. Based on the substrate results and physical condition of Sebaru Kecil Island, the location is suitable for mangrove planting, and we recommend planting Rhizophora stylosa in the mangrove restoration area

The Economic Value of Carbon Stocks in PT Hutan Mulya Central Kalimantan

This study aims to determine how much carbon stock is stored in logged-over areas by comparing carbon stock in virgin forests. Calculate potential biomass, carbon, carbon dioxide uptake, and economic value of CO2eq uptake in the Logged area of PT Hutan Mulya using purposive sampling data collection techniques for each plot and non-destructive methods through allometric equations. The highest carbon stock potential is in the tree-level diameter class  and the location with the highest carbon stock is in the virgin forest area. Meanwhile, the logged area based on the company\u27s establishment from 2011–2022 covering an area of 14,583 ha has a carbon stock potential of 772,537 tons C to the carbon dioxide storage value of 2,835,210.57 tons CO2eq. Based on the assumed price of USD 4.5, the potential economic value of carbon obtained by the government through carbon sales tax is IDR 85,056,317,100. The net profit obtained by the company is IDR 109,494,570,499.42. In contrast, the potential net economic value of the carbon business project scenario results in a combined logged area and virgin forest area of IDR 160,960,838,842.31 for the company and IDR 125,035,753,500 for the government