El fosfato de aluminio como catalizador en reacciones de craqueo de fracciones petrolíferas

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Químicas, 1973?Fac. de Ciencias QuímicasTRUEProQuestpu

Biocatálisis aplicada a la Química Farmacéutica

Pharmaceutical industries are nowadays facing the challenge of lowering the ratio (kg of residues/kg of product) to levels below 200, as required by the European legislation. This fact is demanding the implementation of more selective and efficient synthetic procedures, so that new and better catalysts are needed. For this purpose, Applied Biocatalysis, and more specifically Biotransformation (the use of the former in Organic Synthesis), are becoming more prominent in the design of new strategies for drugs synthesis. In this review, some of the methodologies applied inside the Biotransformations Group of the Complutense University are presented; thus, the employ of different methodologies (such as immobilization and/or modification of biocatalysts, or the control of water activity of the reaction media) for improving the biocatalyst performance are described. The biocatalyzed resolution of racemates for obtaining enantiopure S-2-aryl propionic acids (profens) or cardiotonic â-blockers, the estereoselective carbonyl reduction of prochiral ketones, or the one-step semi-synthesis of therapeutically significant nucleosides will be discussed. In all cases, a special emphasis is set on the environmental advantages of the biocatalyzed processes, as demanded by EU legislation on substitution of contaminant solvents (CH2Cl2, TCE) or reagents (organo metallic catalysts), as well as highly flammable compounds (n-hexane, isooctane), or promoting VOCs release.La Industria Farmacéutica se enfrenta en la actualidad, forzada por la normativa de la UE a reducir la producción de residuos (200 Kg) por kilogramo de producto. Ello implica el desarrollo de procesos de síntesis más eficaces y selectivos, utilizando mejores catalizadores. Por ello la Biocatálisis y las Biotransformaciones, como aplicación de la misma a la Síntesis Orgánica, están adquiriendo un papel importante en el diseño de las nuevas síntesis de fármacos. En la presente revisión se comentan algunas de las metodologías desarrolladas por el Grupo de Biotransformaciones de la UCM en este campo. Se abordan las metodologías desarrolladas para la mejora de los biocatalizadores: nuevas técnicas de inmovilizacion o de modificacion quimica, control de la actividad de agua etc. Se describen algunos procesos de interes desarrollados en el grupo como la resolucion de racemicos y su aplicacion a la obtencion de acidos S-2-arilpropionicos o de ƒÀ-bloqueantes adrenergicos; la reduccion estereoselectiva de cetonas proquirales, la sintesis en un paso de nucleosidos con actividad farmacologica etc. En todos los casos se comentan las ventajas de las nuevas metodologias de sintesis en sintonia con la nueva normativa de obligado cumplimiento de la UE sobre eliminacion de disolventes contaminantes (CH2Cl2, TCE), inflamables (hexano, isooctano), compuestos organicos volatiles (COV) etc, y de reactivos contaminantes v.g.: catalizadores organo metalicos

Solvents derived from glycerol modify classical regioselectivity in the enzymatic synthesis of disaccharides with Biolacta β-galactosidase

Green solvents made from glycerol change the classical regioselectivity of Biolacta No 5 β-galactosidase, from β(1→4) to β(1→6) linkages when a 2 M concentration was used. In order to explain these results, the non-proteic compounds present in the Biolacta preparation were separated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and the remaining protein extract was used to set reactions with appropriate organic solvents to find that the regioselectivity towards the β(1→6) isomer is retained. According to proteomic analysis, a 98% homology between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Biolacta β-galactosidase preparation was found. With these data, molecular modelling was done which predicts a tridimensional interaction in the enzyme active site with the donor (GlcNAc) and the water-solvent mixture which explains this phenomenon. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.This work was supported by two research projects of the Spanish MICINN (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España) CTQ2009-11801 and CTQ2008-05138, and one European project (FP-62003-NMP-SMF-3, proposal 011774-2).Peer Reviewe

Learning psychomotor skills in clinical simulation: Teaching methodology and preliminary results

[EN] 1. Introduction: Clinical simulation faithfully reproduces real experiences and allows the acquisition of different competencies in medical-health training, of which almost half correspond to psychomotor skills, which are mediated by the mirror neuron system. 2. Objective: Provide knowledge for the acquisition of psychomotor skills, through teaching-learning with clinical simulation, taking into account dual: verbal and visual cognitive learning. 3. Developing: Groups of medical students were given a different teaching message (textual, verbal, static and dynamic visual), to acquire psychomotor skills in a clinical simulation scenario, practicing them on a mannequin and evaluating their performance through a verification form. “ad hoc”. 4. Results: A total of 102 first-year medical students participated voluntarily, randomly assigned to a different group: 0 (without message, control group), T (text), A (audio), I (static image), V (video). The scores obtained by each group did not show significant differences between group T and A, but between them and groups I and V. 5. Conclusions: The acquisition of psychomotor skills through clinical simulation differs with the didactic messages, the dynamic visual being more effective, followed in decreasing order by the static image, text and audio messages.[ES] 1. Introducción: La simulación clínica reproduce experiencias reales de una manera fidedigna y permite adquirir distintas competencias en la formación médico-sanitaria, de las que casi la mitad se corresponden con habilidades psico-motoras, que están mediadas por el sistema de neuronas espejo. 2. Objetivo: Aportar conocimiento para la adquisición de habilidades psico-motoras, mediante la enseñanza-aprendizaje con simulación clínica, teniendo en cuenta el aprendizaje cognitivo dual, verbal y visual. 3. Desarrollo: A grupos de alumnos de medicina se les suministró un mensaje docente diferente (textual, verbal, visual estático y dinámico), para adquirir habilidades psicomotoras en un escenario de simulación clínica, practicándolas sobre un maniquí y evaluando su desempeño mediante un formulario de verificación “ad hoc”. 4. Resultados: Participaron de forma voluntaria un total de 102 alumnos de primer curso de medicina, que aleatoriamente se asignaron a un grupo distinto: 0 (sin mensaje), T (texto) A (audio), I (imagen estática), V (vídeo). Las puntuaciones obtenidas por cada grupo no mostraron diferencias significativas entre el grupo T y A y si entre estos y los grupos I y V. 5. Conclusiones: La adquisición de habilidades psico-motoras mediante simulación clínica, difiere con los mensajes didácticos, siendo más efectivo el visual dinámico, siguiendo en orden decreciente los de imagen estática, texto y audio.Tormo-Calandín, C.; Ruiz López, J.; Casaña Mohedo, J.; Casal Angulo, C.; Adánez Martínez, G.; García Bermejo, P.; Sinisterra Aquilino, J.... (2023). Aprendizaje de las habilidades psicomotoras en simulación clínica: Metodología docente y resultados preliminares. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 641-654. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2023.2023.1656164165

Thermus thermophilus nucleoside phosphorylases active in the synthesis of nucleoside analogues

Cells extracts from Thermus thermophilus HB27 express phosphorolytic activities on purines and pyrimidine nucleosides. Five putative encoding genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the corresponding recombinant proteins were purified and studied. Two of these showed phosphorolytic activities against purine nucleosides, and third one showed phosphorolytic activity against pyrimidine nucleosides in vitro, and the three were named TtPNPI, TtPNPII, and TtPyNP, respectively. The optimal temperature for the activity of the three enzymes was beyond the water boiling point and could not be measured accurately, whereas all of them exhibited a wide plateau of optimal pHs that ranged from 5.0 to 7.0. Analytical ultracentrifugation experiments revealed that TtPNPI was a homohexamer, TtPNPII was a monomer, and TtPyNP was a homodimer. Kinetic constants were determined for the phosphorolysis of the natural substrates of each enzyme. Reaction tests with nucleoside analogues revealed critical positions in the nucleoside for its recognition. Activities with synthetic nucleobase analogues, such as 5-iodouracil or 2,6-diaminopurine, and arabinosides were detected, supporting that these enzymes could be applied for the synthesis of new nucleoside analogs with pharmacological activities.Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid; Ministry of Science and Innovation (BIO2010-18875, CTQ2009-11801); Fundación Ramón ArecesPeer Reviewe

Procedimiento de activación de zuro de maíz mediante sulfonación para la insolubilización de ligandos y proteínas

Referencia OEPM: P8803769.-- Fecha de solicitud: 12/12/1988.-- Titular: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).Peer reviewe

Screening of strains and recombinant enzymes from Thermus thermophilus for their use in disaccharide synthesis

Cell extracts from ten different strains of Thermus thermophilus have been screened for glycosidase activity. Among these, the sequenced strain HB27 hydrolyzed a wide variety of glycosides and increased six fold its β-glycosidase activity when grown with cellobiose in nutrient-limited media. We selected five genes encoding (putative) glycosidases (TTP0042, TTP0072, TTP0220, TTC0107 and TTP0222) from the genome of this strain, and the corresponding recombinant enzymes were overexpressed and purified. Several transglycosylation reactions using cellobiose-induced HB27 cell extracts and the purified recombinant enzymes were assayed. Biochemical properties and biosynthetic capabilities of the HB27 cell extracts and the TTP0042 enzyme were very similar, suggesting that this enzyme was responsible for most of the β-glycosidase activity detected in the HB27 strain. This was confirmed through the isolation and analysis of a null mutant of its encoding gene. With both, HB27 cell extracts and purified TTP0042 recombinant enzyme, we finally achieved high yields conditions for disaccharide production by transglycosylation with low amounts of self-condensed donor when high concentrations of a 1:5 donor:acceptor molar ratio was used. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (CTQ2009-11801, BIO2010-18875); Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Ministerio de Educacion; Fundacion Ramon ArecesPeer Reviewe

Thermus thermophilus Strains Active in Purine Nucleoside Synthesis

Several strains of Thermus thermophilus were tested in order to detect purine nucleoside synthase activity using pyrimidine nucleosides as the sugar-donor and adenine or hypoxanthine as bases. High productivity values (t =1 hr) were obtained while completely avoiding adenosine-deaminase degradation of the products. N-2-deoxy-ribosyltransferase activity is described for the first time in hyperthermophilic bacteria