Synthesis, fungitoxicity and quantitative structure activity relationship of O-aryl O-2- chloroethyl O-ethyl phosphates

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CLINICAL CORRELATION OF AMAVATA WITH ARTHROPATHIES

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the disease Amavata with current understanding of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 2010.Methods: For the present clinical study, a total of 100 patients were selected. Selection of the patients was done using subjective criteria (mentioned in Ayurvedic samhitas) to diagnose Amavata. Moreover, these patients were classified into three stages according to duration (<6 months, more than 6 months, more than 1 year) of disease. Laboratory investigations were advised such as hematological parameters and collagen profile.Results: A total of 100 cases of Amavata were divided into two groups based on ICD classification 2010. 86 cases of Amavata patients were diagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis including all the three stages. 14 cases of Amavata were diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus, reactive arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis including all the three stages.Conclusion: Amavata is a syndrome may be correlated to arthropathies described under ICD classification 2010

Sugarcane trash ash: A low cost adsorbent for atrazine and fipronil removal from water

319-325The sugarcane trash ash (STA) has been explored as low cost adsorbent for atrazine and fipronil removal from water. Kinetics study suggested that the pseudo second order model best explain the adsorption of both pesticides. The STA show higher adsorption of fipronil (Kd - 1267.5-3321.1) than atrazine (Kd - 137.0-1445.3) while desorption followed reverse trend with 0-2.27 and 4.83-9.32% fipronil and atrazine desorption, respectively. Isotherm model optimization suggested that the Freundlich isotherm best predict the adsorption-desoprtion behaviour of pesticides. Adsorption is highly nonlinear as 1/n values were 0.23 and 0.407 for atrazine and fipronil respectively. Adsorption decreased with increase in initial concentration of pesticide in solution. The sugarcane trash, a waste, can be used as energy source in boilers and the ash obtained can be utilized as low-cost adsorbent for pesticide removal from contaminated water

Photo-damage to Keratinocytes by Quinine Photosensitization under mild Ultraviolet-B Exposure

Simultaneous and sufficient exposure to sunlight and drug cause phototoxic reactions in the skin. In the present study, the photosensitizing activity of quinine (Q) was studied. Evidences obtained by reduction of cell viability, mitochondrial damage, DNA damage, ROS generation, lysosome damage and phosphatidyl serine translocation as a marker of apoptosis indicates that exposure of quinine treated keratinocytes to UV-B radiation results in quinine photosensitization and subsequent reactions which alter normal cellular processes. Quinine absorbs strongly in UV-B region (330 nm). It reduced viability of cells significantly as observed through MTT assay. Reduction of cell viability was confirmed through accumulation of Rhodamine 123 dye which showed that quinine and UV-B treated cells accumulate less than control cells confirmed that mitochondrial membrane potential was disturbed. Increased intracellular ROS production was measured through DCF fluorescence. Early apoptosis was confirmed through phosphatidyl serine translocation in the membrane. Increased lysosome damage was observed through acridine orange accumulation in the lysosmes. Single stranded damage was confirmed through comet assay and apoptosis was confirmed through EB/AO staining.  These results show that UV-B radiation elicits phototoxic effects in keratinocytes through reactive oxygen species generation

Persistence of Azoxystrobin in/on Grapes and Soil in Different Grapes Growing Areas of India

Persistence of azoxystrobin was studied in/on grapes when applied @ 150 g ai ha−1 (recommended dose) and 300 g ai ha−1 (double the recommended dose) in three grapes growing states of India, namely Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, in the year 2006–2007. A total of five sprays were given at an interval of about 15 days. Grapes and soil samples were collected after 5th spray, extracted and analysed by gas chromatography using electron capture detector. Half life of azoxystrobin on grapes varied from 5.4 to 11.2 days. Residues of azoxystrobin were much below the prescribed MRL (0.5 mg kg−1) after 21 days. The dissipation of azoxystrobin in soil followed first order rate kinetics with an average half life of 8.1 days at the recommended dose of application

Entscheidungsstrukturen in Schulen. Eine differenzielle Analyse der Schulorganisation

Vor dem Hintergrund der Diskussion um die Einzelschule als Gestaltungseinheit werden Ergebnisse aus einem empirischen Forschungsprojekt vorgestellt, in dem die Entscheidungsstrukturen von Schulen Gegenstand einer explorativen Analyse sind. Ziel der Analyse ist eine differenzierende Darstellung von Strukturmustern der Schulorganisation, in denen die Perspektiven von Lehrern und Schulleitern berücksichtigt werden. Die Ergebnisse bieten einen Ausgangspunkt für multidimensionale Modellierungen der Schulorganisation. (DIPF/Orig.)Against the background of the debate on the individual school as organizational unit, the author presents results of an empirical research project focussing on an explorative analysis of decision-structures in schools. This analysis aims at a discriminative outline of structural patterns of school organization which take into account the perspectives of both teachers and principals. The results provide a starting point for a multi-dimensional modeling of school organization. (DIPF/Orig.

Effect of Tinospora cordifolia as an add - on therapy on the blood glucose levels of patients with Type 2 diabetes

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a fast growing epidemic affecting people globally. Good glycemic control helps in reducing the risk of macro and microvascular complications in diabetics. Alternative medicines have been used since ancient times in India to achieve good glycemic control. Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) is a well reported plant possessing anti-diabetic property. Therefore, we undertook this study to evaluate the effectivity of Tc in reducing the blood glucose levels of Type 2 diabetic patients in the form of add-on therapy.Methods: In the present study, we enrolled 100 Type 2 diabetic patients who met our inclusion criteria. These patients were then randomly divided into two Groups, A and B. Patients in Group A were treated as controls and they continued with their anti-diabetic medications. In Group B, Tc was added to the conventional treatment at a dose of 500 mg 3 times daily along with meals. The fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were recorded baseline and after 6 months.Results: During the course of study, we observed a decrease in the fasting, postprandial, and HbA1c levels of the patients. However, this decrease was found to be more statistically significant (p≤0.005) in Group B.Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study conclude that Tc, when given in the form of add-on therapy, was found to be synergistic and effective in the better management of Type 2 diabetes. The drug was well tolerated by the patients and no adverse drug event was recorded