Simultaneous and sufficient exposure to sunlight and drug cause phototoxic reactions in the skin. In the present study, the photosensitizing activity of quinine (Q) was studied. Evidences obtained by reduction of cell viability, mitochondrial damage, DNA damage, ROS generation, lysosome damage and phosphatidyl serine translocation as a marker of apoptosis indicates that exposure of quinine treated keratinocytes to UV-B radiation results in quinine photosensitization and subsequent reactions which alter normal cellular processes. Quinine absorbs strongly in UV-B region (330 nm). It reduced viability of cells significantly as observed through MTT assay. Reduction of cell viability was confirmed through accumulation of Rhodamine 123 dye which showed that quinine and UV-B treated cells accumulate less than control cells confirmed that mitochondrial membrane potential was disturbed. Increased intracellular ROS production was measured through DCF fluorescence. Early apoptosis was confirmed through phosphatidyl serine translocation in the membrane. Increased lysosome damage was observed through acridine orange accumulation in the lysosmes. Single stranded damage was confirmed through comet assay and apoptosis was confirmed through EB/AO staining.&nbsp; These results show that UV-B radiation elicits phototoxic effects in keratinocytes through reactive oxygen species generation

Dwivedi, Ashish

Mujtaba, S. Faiz

Pal, Manish K.

Ray, Ratan Singh

Singh, Gajendra

Yadav, Neera

English

Simultaneous and sufficient exposure to sunlight and drug cause phototoxic reactions in the skin. In the present study, the photosensitizing activity of quinine (Q) was studied. Evidences obtained by reduction of cell viability, mitochondrial damage, DNA damage, ROS generation, lysosome damage and phosphatidyl serine translocation as a marker of apoptosis indicates that exposure of quinine treated keratinocytes to UV-B radiation results in quinine photosensitization and subsequent reactions which alter normal cellular processes. Quinine absorbs strongly in UV-B region (330 nm). It reduced viability of cells significantly as observed through MTT assay. Reduction of cell viability was confirmed through accumulation of Rhodamine 123 dye which showed that quinine and UV-B treated cells accumulate less than control cells confirmed that mitochondrial membrane potential was disturbed. Increased intracellular ROS production was measured through DCF fluorescence. Early apoptosis was confirmed through phosphatidyl serine translocation in the membrane. Increased lysosome damage was observed through acridine orange accumulation in the lysosmes. Single stranded damage was confirmed through comet assay and apoptosis was confirmed through EB/AO staining. These results show that UV-B radiation elicits phototoxic effects in keratinocytes through reactive oxygen species generation

G-Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (GJEST)

Photo-damage to Keratinocytes by Quinine Photosensitization under mild Ultraviolet-B Exposure

The present study is focused on the assessment on environmental awareness among Muslim girls pursuing graduation course in Bareilly Region. The investigators used normative survey method for the study. The sample consists of 500 Muslim girls from five degree colleges in Bareilly Region. Simple random sampling technique has been used for the selection of sample. Environmental Awareness Test was used to assess environmental awareness among Muslim girls. The major finding of study reveals that rural Muslim girls are less aware of their environment as compared to urban Muslim girls. Similarly, girls belonging to arts stream have less environmental awareness as compared to their counterparts belonging to science stream. Further, it is also found that Muslim girls, whose parents are graduate, have high level of environmental awareness that that of those girls whose parents are non –graduate

Anita  Singh

Bharti Dogra

Directory of Open Access Journals

112 
 
G- Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 1(5): (2014)              ISSN (Online): 2322-0228 (Print): 2322-021X 
G- Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 
(An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal) 
Available online at http://www.gjestenv.com 
 
 
A Study of Environmental Awareness among Muslim Girls Pursuing Graduation 
Course in Bareilly Region  
Anita Singh and Bharti Dogra* 
Department of Teacher Education, Bareilly College, Bareilly-243005, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA 
 
 
ARTICLE INFO 
 
Received: 29 Mar 2014 
Revised  : 20 Arp 2014 
Accepted: 26 Apr 2014 
ABSTRACT 
The present study is focused on the assessment on environmental awareness among Muslim girls 
pursuing graduation course in Bareilly Region. The investigators used normative survey method for the 
study. The sample consists of 500 Muslim girls from five degree colleges in Bareilly Region. Simple 
random sampling technique has been used for the selection of sample. Environmental Awareness Test was 
used to assess environmental awareness among Muslim girls. The major finding of study reveals that rural 
Muslim girls are less aware of their environment as compared to urban Muslim girls. Similarly, girls 
belonging to arts stream have less environmental awareness as compared to their counterparts belonging to 
science stream. Further, it is also found that Muslim girls, whose parents are graduate, have high level of 
environmental awareness that that of those girls whose parents are non –graduate. 
 
Key words: 
Environmental education, 
Environmental awareness, 
Residential background, 
streams 
1) INTRODUCTION 
Environment has become the concern of all; the academicians, 
intellectuals, scientists, policymakers and government across 
the continents. Widespread and systematic concern for 
environmental issues has grown all over the world, 
particularly after the 1960s. The UN World conference on the 
environment in Stockholm in 1972, the Earth Summit held in 
Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the Global Forum, 1992 and the 
activities organized by the International NGO Forum show 
that environment is on the agenda of the international 
community. Now, people have also become more concerned 
about the environment. The environmental movement has 
focused attention on the quality of the air that we breathe and 
the water we drink, harmful effects on wildlife due to 
encroachment in forest area and frequent natural hazard due to 
various man made activities like mining, deforestation etc. We 
are beginning to realize that all aspects of the world around us 
can have profound and potentially negative effects on health 
and well being. We must aware about all the activities going 
on in our environment and concern to protect it for sustainable 
development [1]. Environment is defined as our surrounding 
that consists of all the conditions influencing development or 
growth. It can be understood as a system which includes all 
living and non-living things i.e., air, water, soil, vegetation, 
flora and fauna. Man is a slave of environment. The child may 
have all kinds of abilities but they cannot be developed fully 
without a proper environment.  
Environmental education means the educational process 
dealing with man’s relationship with his natural and man-
made surroundings and includes the relations of population, 
pollution resource allocation and depletion, conservation, 
transportation, technology, energy, urban and rural planning to 
total biosphere etc. On the other hand, environmental 
awareness means to help social groups and individuals to 
acquire an awareness of and sensitivity to the total 
environment and its allied problems. The importance of 
environmental awareness cannot be over emphasized. We 
must understand that to improve the environment is to 
improve the quality of life. It is not only a question of air and 
water pollution. It includes elimination of disease, hunger, 
malnutrition, and poverty, destruction of forest, extermination 
of wildlife, erosion of soil and accumulation of waste. Hence, 
there is an urgent need for proper management of the 
environment.  
Mahatma Gandhi said, “The earth provides enough to satisfy 
everyman’s needs, but not everyman’s greed”. The 
relationship between environment and humankind is indeed 
deep and has recognized from the Vedic period. Furthermore, 
non-violence towards both animate and inanimate components 
of biosphere has been ingrained as a guiding principle in the 
Indian psyche [2]. Therefore, awareness and education of 
 
* Corresponding Author: Dr. Bharti Dogra 
 Email address: dograbharti64@rediffmail.com   
113 
 
environment is the paramount concern of all the citizens of 
society. Environment protection starts by creating awareness 
among the people so that it becomes part of their lifestyle. The 
key to achieving this goal lies in environmental education and 
its related program. The objective of environmental education 
includes awareness, knowledge, attitudes, skills and 
participation of people in protecting the environment.  There is 
still a considerable lack of awareness of the interrelated nature 
of all human activities and the environment, due to inaccurate 
or insufficient information. Developing countries in particular 
lack relevant technologies and expertise. There is a need to 
increase public sensitivity to environment and development 
problems and involvement in their solutions and foster a sense 
of personal environmental responsibility and greater 
motivation and commitment towards sustainable development. 
Youth form the most vibrant and dynamic segment of a 
country's population. They are a key segment of the society 
and are an important source of creativity, enthusiasm, and 
drive for any action to address such issues. In today's world 
environmental degradation and pollution have become an 
important issue, and it is a problem that needs to be addressed 
immediately. Future generations will inherit a world faced 
with the problems of changing climate, polluted, and degraded 
ecosystems. Youth are the citizens of tomorrow and the group 
that will be most impacted by the problems of climate change. 
In this scenario it has become imperative and a critical 
element of any nation's strategy to engage this next generation 
of decision makers, the youth, in actions to address 
environmental issues. It is important to ensure that they play a 
proactive role in addressing key environmental issues that will 
affect the world in the coming years; therefore it becomes very 
important to find out the level of environment awareness 
among younger generation. Keeping this thing in mind, the 
present study is so designed as to find out the level of 
environment awareness among Muslim girls pursuing 
graduation course in Bareilly Region. Further the impact of 
their nature of courses (arts/science), residential background, 
and the impact of educational status of their parents on their 
level of environment awareness was also explored. The 
present study was undertaken with the following objectives in 
mind: 
1.  To compare environmental awareness of rural and urban 
Muslim girls pursuing graduation course in Bareilly Region.  
2. To compare environmental awareness of Muslim girls 
pursuing graduation course in Bareilly region belonging to arts 
and science stream. 
 3. To compare environmental awareness of Muslim girls 
pursuing graduation course in Bareilly Region in relation to 
the educational status of their parents (graduate/non-graduate). 
 
2) MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Present study has been carried out through survey method. 
Sample: A sample of 500 Muslim girls pursuing graduation 
course has been selected randomly from 5 degree colleges of 
Bareilly region. 
Tool: A standardized tool ‘Environmental Awareness Test’ 
developed by Seema Dhawan has been used to measure 
environment awareness of Muslim girls pursuing graduation 
course. This test has 80 statements among which 33 
statements are negative and 47 statements are positive. Each 
of the test items scores ‘1’ for correct answer and ‘0’ for 
incorrect one, depending on the direction. The total score 
varied from ‘0 to 80’ showing highest environmental 
awareness. 
3) RESULT AND DISCUSSION  
3.1. Comparison between Rural and Urban Muslim Girls  
Groups N M Sd. ‘t’ 
Rural 300 69.05 8.06 
2.78** 
urban 200 71.29 9.24 
** Sig .at 0.01 level 
The data depicted in the above table makes it clear that urban 
Muslim girls scored higher on their environment awareness 
that that of rural Muslim girls. The reason behind this might 
be that Muslim girls living in urban areas have more 
opportunity in sense of education, hygiene, internet facility to 
become more aware about their environment in comparison to 
those girls who belong to rural parts. Similar results were 
found in earlier studies too [3]. 
3.2 Comparison between Arts and Science Stream Muslim 
Girls  
Groups N M Sd. ‘t’ 
Arts 300 68.65 8.58 
2.39** 
Science  200 71.53 9.14 
**Significant at p < 0.01  
The data presented in above table shows that Muslim girls 
belonging to science stream are more aware of their 
environment in comparison to their counterparts belonging to 
arts stream as mean score of Muslim girls (71.53) is greater 
than their counterparts (68.65). Since students of science 
stream have more scientific temper and knowledge of various 
concepts related to environment, probably this might be the 
reason for what Muslim girls of science stream are found to be 
more aware of their environment. Similar results were found 
in the study conducted by Maikuri and Uniyal [4]. 
3.3 Comparison between Muslim Girls regarding 
Educational Status of their Parents-  
Groups N M  Sd.  ‘t’ 
Graduate 100 57.08 12.58 
2.79** 
Non-graduate 400 61.41 7.04 
**Sig. at 0.01 levels    
The above table makes it clear that educational status of 
parents significantly affects environment awareness status of 
their wards as the mean score of those Muslim girls whose 
parents are graduated is higher(61.41) than that of those 
counterparts whose parents are non graduated. This makes it 
clear that parents who are more educated contributing 
significantly in making their children more aware of their 
environment in comparison to those who are less educated. 
Similar studies results were found in several previous studies 
conducted by Gupta [5] and Khan [6]. 
On the basis of the findings of the present study a few 
educational implications of the study may be indicated as 
follows: 
(1) Educationist, educational administrators, and teachers must 
acquaint their pupil about pros and cons of environmental 
pollution. 
(2) Formal system of education including all streams should 
also incorporate in its curriculum, some elements of awareness 
programmes. This should be a compulsory part of the 
curriculum. 
(3) With the help of various mass media and modern means of 
communication the concept of environment awareness and its 
protection should be disseminated and popularized viz. news 
paper, radio, TV, film, etc. 
114 
 
(4) It would be more beneficial and effective if special 
programmes are launched to develop awareness among the 
students. This is possible only through inclusion of special 
courses on environmental education in the schools and 
colleges. 
(5) Value-oriented education in the light of environmental 
pollution and environmental awareness should be provided. 
4) CONCLUSION 
The findings of the Present study showed that there was 
significant impact of streams (arts/science) and residential 
background (rural/urban) of Muslim girls on their environment 
awareness. Further, educational status of their parents has also 
significantly affected their level of environment awareness. It 
also indicates that Muslim girls of Bareilly Region have 
developed a considerable amount of environmental awareness 
among themselves.  Students, belonging to science stream are 
more aware of their environment than arts belonging students. 
Similarly, girls of   graduate parents are more aware than those 
of non –graduate parents. Further girls, belonging to rural 
background are less aware of their environment as compared 
to those who belong to urban background. 
 
REFERENCES 
1) Chawla and Kang. 2011. Environmental awareness among 
Secondary School Students. Indian Streams Research 
Journal, 1(10), 1-4.  
2) Anjali ande Bamba 2012. Environment awareness in 
present scenario, International Journal of Research in 
Economics & Social Sciences 26 
http://www.euroasiapub.org  
3) Dubey, A. and Samal, B. 1998. Environmental awareness 
among women, Indian Psychological Review, 50(1), 50-
56.  
4) Maikuri, R. and Uniyal, N. P. 2008. Environmental 
awareness among students, Indian Journal of 
Psychometrics and Education, 39(1), 29-32.  
5) Gupta, V.K. and Sharma, N.K. 1990. “Tree Protection” 
Indian Society of Pre scientists Solan H.P. 1990, pp. 33.  
6) Khann, G.H. 1991. Global Environment Crises and 
Management, Ashish Publishing House. New Delhi 


A Study of Environmental Awareness among Muslim Girls Pursuing Graduation Course in Bareilly Region

Singh, Anita

Dogra, Bharti

Simultaneous and sufficient exposure to sunlight and drug cause phototoxic reactions in the skin. In the present study, the photosensitizing activity of quinine (Q) was studied. Evidences obtained by reduction of cell viability, mitochondrial damage, DNA damage, ROS generation, lysosome damage and phosphatidyl serine translocation as a marker of apoptosis indicates that exposure of quinine treated keratinocytes to UV-B radiation results in quinine photosensitization and subsequent reactions which alter normal cellular processes. Quinine absorbs strongly in UV-B region (330 nm). It reduced viability of cells significantly as observed through MTT assay. Reduction of cell viability was confirmed through accumulation of Rhodamine 123 dye which showed that quinine and UV-B treated cells accumulate less than control cells confirmed that mitochondrial membrane potential was disturbed. Increased intracellular ROS production was measured through DCF fluorescence. Early apoptosis was confirmed through phosphatidyl serine translocation in the membrane. Increased lysosome damage was observed through acridine orange accumulation in the lysosmes. Single stranded damage was confirmed through comet assay and apoptosis was confirmed through EB/AO staining.  These results show that UV-B radiation elicits phototoxic effects in keratinocytes through reactive oxygen species generation

Photo-damage to Keratinocytes by Quinine Photosensitization under mild Ultraviolet-B Exposure

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

G-Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (GJEST)

Directory of Open Access Journals

G-Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (GJEST)

Directory of Open Access Journals