Note de recherche. L’adaptation, un concept systémique pour mieux panser les changements climatiques

L’élaboration d’une action publique territoriale en matière d’adaptation aux changements climatiques rencontre d’importants défis, parmi lequel celui de traduire en actions un concept riche en interprétations aussi divergentes les unes que les autres. En s’appuyant sur les résultats du projet ABSTRACT-colurba (2014-2015) mené auprès de dix collectivités françaises, l’article discute la difficulté d’élaborer puis de traduire sur le terrain des mesures dites « d’adaptation aux changements climatiques ». Parmi les facteurs expliquant cet état de faits, il est souligné l’inadéquation entre la construction théorique de la notion d’adaptation et la complexité d’une réalité interreliée auxquels les acteurs sont quotidiennement confrontés. Afin de contourner ces verrous et faciliter la mise en pratique d’actions en réponse aux changements climatiques, l’article conclut que la recherche d’une définition précise d’un terme aussi vaste que l’adaptation n’aide pas la mise en place d’une action publique territoriale climatique, laquelle gagnerait à être abordée de manière davantage systémique autour des enjeux environnementaux.The development of a territorial public action in the field of adaptation to climate change is facing important challenges. One of them is to translate the concept of adaptation into action because of its various interpretations. Based on the results of the ABSTRACT-colurba project (2014-2015) in ten French communities, the article discusses the difficulty of developing field measures called “adaptation to climate change”. One of the elements explaining these facts is the mismatch between the theoretical construction of the notion of adaptation and the interrelated complex reality to which the actors are daily confronted to. In order to overcome these obstacles and facilitate the implementation of actions in response to climate change, the article concludes that the search for a precise definition of a term as vast as adaptation does not help the territorial public action establishment, which would better benefit from a systemic approach that would internalize the environmental issues

De l’ajustement à la transformation : vers un essor de l’adaptation ?

Le rapport 2014 du Groupe Intergouvernemental des experts sur l’Évolution du Climat confirme la montée en puissance de l’adaptation en lui consacrant une place prépondérante. Parmi la douzaine de nouvelles assertions de la notion, « l’adaptation transformationnelle » paraît la plus novatrice. L’ajustement à la marge d’un système territorial et socioéconomique responsable des changements climatiques semble désuet : la nécessité d’une transformation de ses rouages est désormais posée. L’article interroge cette nouvelle assertion en montrant l’apport des sciences humaines et sociales et les nouvelles perspectives qu’elle peut offrir en termes d’aménagement du territoire, de recherche interdisciplinaire et de conceptualisation.The 2014 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change confirms the rise of the notion of adaptation by devoting a prominent place. Among the dozen of new definitions, the “transformational adaptation” appears to be the most innovative. Indeed, the need for a transformation of the workings of the socio-economic system at territorial scale is now inevitable rather than just some adjustments. The article questions this new definition by showing the contribution of social and human sciences and the opportunities offered in terms of planning, interdisciplinary research and conceptualization

Construction géohistorique du "sauvage" de la Garonne toulousaine : quelle part de naturalisé dans les paysages fluviaux ? part. 1

International audienceThe Garonne between Toulouse and the confluence of the Tarn is composed of many wetlands. Here, v arious protective dev ices would label a "wild" dim ension to the river, supporting its maintenance and conservation without actually questioning their original condition. Given this situation, how to consider the part of naturalness of river landscapes of the Garonne today ? According to managers, the Garonne has a strong image of "wild" river while geohistorical heritage rather shows Garonne im pacted by human activities. This work explores the meaning of the gap between the reality and geohistorical conveyed by contemporary representations of the river.La Garonne toulousaine (entre Toulouse et la confluence du Tarn) est composée de nombreuses annexes fluviales : bras-morts, zones humides et ripisylves. Ici, différents dispositifs de protection labellisent une dimension « sauvage » pour le fleuve, favorisant son maintien et sa conserv ation sans réellement s'interroger sur leur état d'origine. Face à ce constat, com m ent considérer la part de naturalité des paysages fluviaux de la Garonne toulousaine aujourd'hui ? Au dire des gestionnaires, la Garonne possède une image forte de fleuve « sauvage » alors que l'héritage géohistorique montre plutôt une Garonne impactée par les activités humaines. Ce travail interroge le sens du décalage entre cette réalité géohistorique et l'image véhiculée par les représentations contemporaines du fleuve

Categories of Resistance, Antibiosis and Tolerance, to Biotype I Greenbug (\u3ci\u3eSchizaphis graminum\u3c/i\u3e (Rondani) Homoptera: Aphididae) in Four Sorghum (\u3ci\u3eSorghum bicolor\u3c/i\u3e (L.) Moench. Poales:Gramineae) Hybrids

Resistance categories (antibiosis and tolerance) of four sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrids to biotype I greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were determined in environmental growth chamber and field studies. Greenbug weight and fecundity were lower on ‘Cargill 607E’ compared with ‘Cargill 797’. Percentage of leaf damage area was significantly less on two resistant hybrids (Cargill 607E and Cargill 797) after a 14-d greenbug feeding period compared to two susceptible hybrids (‘Golden Harvest 510B’ and Garst 5715). In growth chamber studies on sorghum seedlings, ‘Cargill 607E’ and ‘Cargill 797’ reduced greenbug weight significantly compared with ‘Golden Harvest 510B’ and ‘Garst 5715’. Greenbug weight was 2.9 mg/25 greenbugs on ‘Cargill 607E’, 3.1 mg/25 greenbugs on ‘Cargill 797’, 3.9 mg/25 greenbugs on ‘Golden Harvest 510B’, and 4.8 mg/25 greenbugs on ‘Garst 5715’. On field grown sorghum plants, ‘Cargill 797’ did not reduce greenbug growth compared with ‘Golden Harvest 510B’. ‘Cargill 607E’ had a negative impact on weight of greenbugs. Greenbug weight was 7.9 mg/25 greenbugs on ‘Cargill 607E’, 9.2 mg/25 greenbugs on ‘Cargill 797’, and 10.0 mg/25 greenbugs on ‘Golden Harvest 510B’. ‘Cargill 607E’ and ‘Cargill 797’ were resistant to biotype I greenbugs compared with susceptible ‘Golden Harvest 510B’ and ‘Garst 5715’. Antibiosis was confirmed as the primary category of resistance in ‘Cargill 607E.’ ‘Cargill 797’ was primarily tolerant but may have some level of antibiosis, because smaller greenbugs developed in some of the studies

French Roadmap for complex Systems 2008-2009

This second issue of the French Complex Systems Roadmap is the outcome of the Entretiens de Cargese 2008, an interdisciplinary brainstorming session organized over one week in 2008, jointly by RNSC, ISC-PIF and IXXI. It capitalizes on the first roadmap and gathers contributions of more than 70 scientists from major French institutions. The aim of this roadmap is to foster the coordination of the complex systems community on focused topics and questions, as well as to present contributions and challenges in the complex systems sciences and complexity science to the public, political and industrial spheres

Interleukin-32 Promotes Osteoclast Differentiation but Not Osteoclast Activation

Background: Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is a newly described cytokine produced after stimulation by IL-2 or IL-18 and IFN-γ. IL-32 has the typical properties of a pro-inflammatory mediator and although its role in rheumatoid arthritis has been recently reported its effect on the osteoclastogenesis process remains unclear. Methodology/principal findings: In the present study, we have shown that IL-32 was a potent modulator of osteoclastogenesis in vitro, whereby it promoted the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into TRAcP+ VNR+ multinucleated cells expressing specific osteoclast markers (up-regulation of NFATc1, OSCAR, Cathepsin K), but it was incapable of inducing the maturation of these multinucleated cells into bone-resorbing cells. The lack of bone resorption in IL-32-treated cultures could in part be explain by the lack of F-actin ring formation by the multinucleated cells generated. Moreover, when IL-32 was added to PBMC cultures maintained with soluble RANKL, although the number of newly generated osteoclast was increased, a significant decrease of the percentage of lacunar resorption was evident suggesting a possible inhibitory effect of this cytokine on osteoclast activation. To determine the mechanism by which IL-32 induces such response, we sought to determine the intracellular pathways activated and the release of soluble mediators in response to IL-32. Our results indicated that compared to RANKL, IL-32 induced a massive activation of ERK1/2 and Akt. Moreover, IL-32 was also capable of stimulating the release of IL-4 and IFN-γ, two known inhibitors of osteoclast formation and activation. Conclusions/significance: This is the first in vitro report on the complex role of IL-32 on osteoclast precursors. Further clarification on the exact role of IL-32 in vivo is required prior to the development of any potential therapeutic approach

TSG-6 Regulates Bone Remodeling through Inhibition of Osteoblastogenesis and Osteoclast Activation

TSG-6 is an inflammation-induced protein that is produced at pathological sites, including arthritic joints. In animal models of arthritis, TSG-6 protects against joint damage; this has been attributed to its inhibitory effects on neutrophil migration and plasmin activity. Here we investigated whether TSG-6 can directly influence bone erosion. Our data reveal that TSG-6 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation/activation from human and murine precursor cells, where elevated dentine erosion by osteoclasts derived from TSG-6-/- mice is consistent with the very severe arthritis seen in these animals. However, the long bones from unchallenged TSG-6-/- mice were found to have higher trabecular mass than controls, suggesting that in the absence of inflammation TSG-6 has a role in bone homeostasis; we have detected expression of the TSG-6 protein in the bone marrow of unchallenged wild type mice. Furthermore, we have observed that TSG-6 can inhibit bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-mediated osteoblast differentiation. Interaction analysis revealed that TSG-6 binds directly to RANKL and to BMP-2 (as well as other osteogenic BMPs but not BMP-3) via composite surfaces involving its Link and CUB modules. Consistent with this, the full-length protein is required for maximal inhibition of osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activation, although the isolated Link module retains significant activity in the latter case. We hypothesize that TSG-6 has dual roles in bone remodeling; one protective, where it inhibits RANKL-induced bone erosion in inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, and the other homeostatic, where its interactions with BMP-2 and RANKL help to balance mineralization by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts

De l’ajustement à la transformation : vers un essor de l’adaptation ?

The 2014 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change confirms the rise of the notion of adaptation by devoting a prominent place. Among the dozen of new definitions, the “transformational adaptation” appears to be the most innovative. Indeed, the need for a transformation of the workings of the socio-economic system at territorial scale is now inevitable rather than just some adjustments. The article questions this new definition by showing the contribution of social and human sciences and the opportunities offered in terms of planning, interdisciplinary research and conceptualization

L’atelier « H » ou la représentation de l’adaptation dans l’élaboration du plan climat de Paris

Adaptation to climate change is attracting more and more attention, as much in scientific fields as in political spheres. However, its implementation remains fragmented, especially in the urban areas of industrialised countries despite their significant vulnerability to climate hazards due to high density of populations and economic activities. The City of Paris’ Climate Plan was developed in 2006 through a participatory approach and includes a chapter dedicated to adaptation, based on the final report from the workshop concerning adaptation in Paris (named Workshop H). This paper reports the retrospective study conducted with the organizers (municipal and consultants) of the Climate Plan, observers and participants involved in Workshop H. Results suggest it is difficult to achieve a clear collective understanding of what adaptation to climate change implies and what it looks like once it is translated into actions in an urban area such as Paris. Among the main barriers towards a collective understanding, is the recent awareness of climate change, the semantic ambiguity behind the word “adaptation” as well as the overlap between mitigation and adaptation concepts

L’atelier « H » ou la représentation de l’adaptation dans l’élaboration du plan climat de Paris

Adaptation to climate change is attracting more and more attention, as much in scientific fields as in political spheres. However, its implementation remains fragmented, especially in the urban areas of industrialised countries despite their significant vulnerability to climate hazards due to high density of populations and economic activities. The City of Paris’ Climate Plan was developed in 2006 through a participatory approach and includes a chapter dedicated to adaptation, based on the final report from the workshop concerning adaptation in Paris (named Workshop H). This paper reports the retrospective study conducted with the organizers (municipal and consultants) of the Climate Plan, observers and participants involved in Workshop H. Results suggest it is difficult to achieve a clear collective understanding of what adaptation to climate change implies and what it looks like once it is translated into actions in an urban area such as Paris. Among the main barriers towards a collective understanding, is the recent awareness of climate change, the semantic ambiguity behind the word “adaptation” as well as the overlap between mitigation and adaptation concepts