Phenological phases of flowering in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) and their correspondence with microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis

[EN] Hop (Humulus Lupulus L.) suffered, as many other crops, a shrinkage of its intraspecific agrobiodiversity. Biotechnological methods of breeding would offer new opportunities to produce improved varieties with interesting phytochemical profiles and adaptable to the challenging conditions of climate change. Doubled haploid (DH) technology could be a useful tool to increase hop agrobiodiversity but, unfortunately, there is a complete lack of information about hop flower biology. For this reason, the main aim of this work is the study of the different phenological phases of flowering in hop and the corresponding developmental stages of microspores/pollen grains contained therein. The results obtained allowed the identification of morphological markers (anther and flower bud length), easy and fast to measure, that would speed up the selection of flower buds containing the highest percentage of vacuolated microspores and young pollen, the stages considered in most species as the most responsive to androgenesis. A further result, derived from the flower bud and anther microscopical observation, evidenced the increase of lupulin glands on bud and anther surface as the bud proceeds in development from microsporogenesis to microgametogenesis.This work was supported by Spanish MINECO [grant number AGL2017-88135-R to JMSS] jointly funded by FEDER.Liberatore, C.; Calabuig-Serna, A.; Rodolfi, M.; Chiancone, B.; Seguí-Simarro, JM. (2019). Phenological phases of flowering in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) and their correspondence with microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis. Scientia Horticulturae. 256:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108639S16256Easterling, K. A., Pitra, N. J., Jones, R. J., Lopes, L. G., Aquino, J. R., Zhang, D., … Bass, H. W. (2018). 3D Molecular Cytology of Hop (Humulus lupulus) Meiotic Chromosomes Reveals Non-disomic Pairing and Segregation, Aneuploidy, and Genomic Structural Variation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01501Nagel, J., Culley, L. K., Lu, Y., Liu, E., Matthews, P. D., Stevens, J. F., & Page, J. E. (2008). EST Analysis of Hop Glandular Trichomes Identifies an O-Methyltransferase That Catalyzes the Biosynthesis of Xanthohumol. The Plant Cell, 20(1), 186-200. doi:10.1105/tpc.107.055178Parra-Vega, V., González-García, B., & Seguí-Simarro, J. M. (2012). Morphological markers to correlate bud and anther development with microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 35(2), 627-633. doi:10.1007/s11738-012-1104-xPatzak, J., Nesvadba, V., Henychová, A., & Krofta, K. (2010). Assessment of the genetic diversity of wild hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in Europe using chemical and molecular analyses. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 38(2), 136-145. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.12.023Patzak, J., Nesvadba, V., Krofta, K., Henychova, A., Marzoev, A. I., & Richards, K. (2010). Evaluation of genetic variability of wild hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in Canada and the Caucasus region by chemical and molecular methods. Genome, 53(7), 545-557. doi:10.1139/g10-024Salas, P., Rivas-Sendra, A., Prohens, J., & Seguí-Simarro, J. M. (2011). Influence of the stage for anther excision and heterostyly in embryogenesis induction from eggplant anther cultures. Euphytica, 184(2), 235-250. doi:10.1007/s10681-011-0569-9Seguí-Simarro, J. M. (2010). Androgenesis Revisited. The Botanical Review, 76(3), 377-404. doi:10.1007/s12229-010-9056-6Seguí-Simarro, J. M., & Nuez, F. (2005). Meiotic metaphase I to telophase II as the most responsive stage during microspore development for callus induction in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) anther cultures. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 27(4), 675-685. doi:10.1007/s11738-005-0071-xSHEPHARD, H. L., PARKER, J. S., DARBY, P., & AINSWORTH, C. C. (2000). Sexual development and sex chromosomes in hop. New Phytologist, 148(3), 397-411. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00771.xXie, W., Xiong, W., Pan, J., Ali, T., Cui, Q., Guan, D., … Davis, S. J. (2018). Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat. Nature Plants, 4(11), 964-973. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0263-

Effectiveness of a 10-day melarsoprol schedule for the treatment of late-stage human African trypanosomiasis: confirmation from a multinational study (IMPAMEL II).

BACKGROUND: Treatment of late-stage human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) with melarsoprol can be improved by shortening the regimen. A previous trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of a 10-day treatment schedule. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this schedule in a noncontrolled, multinational drug-utilization study. METHODS: A total of 2020 patients with late-stage HAT were treated with the 10-day melarsoprol schedule in 16 centers in 7 African countries. We assessed outcome on the basis of major adverse events and the cure rate after treatment and during 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: The cure rate 24 h after treatment was 93.9%; 2 years later, it was 86.2%. However, 49.3% of patients were lost to follow-up. The overall fatality rate was 5.9%. Of treated patients, 8.7% had an encephalopathic syndrome that was fatal 45.5% of the time. The rate of severe bullous and maculopapular eruptions was 0.8% and 6.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The 10-day treatment schedule was well implemented in the field and was effective. It reduces treatment duration, drug amount, and hospitalization costs per patient, and it increases treatment-center capacity. The shorter protocol has been recommended by the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control for the treatment of late-stage HAT caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Incorporating scale dependence in disease burden estimates:the case of human African trypanosomiasis in Uganda

The WHO has established the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) as a metric for measuring the burden of human disease and injury globally. However, most DALY estimates have been calculated as national totals. We mapped spatial variation in the burden of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Uganda for the years 2000-2009. This represents the first geographically delimited estimation of HAT disease burden at the sub-country scale.Disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) totals for HAT were estimated based on modelled age and mortality distributions, mapped using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, and summarised by parish and district. While the national total burden of HAT is low relative to other conditions, high-impact districts in Uganda had DALY rates comparable to the national burden rates for major infectious diseases. The calculated average national DALY rate for 2000-2009 was 486.3 DALYs/100 000 persons/year, whereas three districts afflicted by rhodesiense HAT in southeastern Uganda had burden rates above 5000 DALYs/100 000 persons/year, comparable to national GBD 2004 average burden rates for malaria and HIV/AIDS.These results provide updated and improved estimates of HAT burden across Uganda, taking into account sensitivity to under-reporting. Our results highlight the critical importance of spatial scale in disease burden analyses. National aggregations of disease burden have resulted in an implied bias against highly focal diseases for which geographically targeted interventions may be feasible and cost-effective. This has significant implications for the use of DALY estimates to prioritize disease interventions and inform cost-benefit analyses

Labour costs and external competitiveness of the Andalusian economy (2007-2014)

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la evolución de la competitividad externa de la economía andaluza. Para ello se toman dos dimensiones principales de análisis: En primer lugar, se analiza la evolución de los costes laborales unitarios y su relación con el desempeño exportador andaluz a nivel agregado. En segundo lugar, se analizarán una serie de indicadores de la actuación tanto empresarial, como del sector público, en los ámbitos determinantes de la posición competitiva regional a nivel microeconómico. El análisis de la evolución seguida por las variables en nuestra economía se hará en comparación con diversas economías y regiones del entorno. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan a que a pesar de que los costes laborales han seguido una marcada tendencia a la baja, hasta el momento, la crisis no se ha convertido en una oportunidad para mejorar de manera sustancial el posicionamiento de la economía andaluza.The aim of this paper is to analyse the evolution of Andalusian economy’s external competitiveness. For that purpose, two main research dimensions are examined: first, the relationship between unit labour costs and Andalusia’s export performance at an aggregate level; second, indicators of both business, and public sector behaviour in the determinant areas of the regional competitive position at a microeconomic level. The analysis of the evolution of the variables in the economy will be carried out in comparison with several surrounding economies and regions. The results suggest that despite the strong downward trend followed by labour costs, at the moment, the crisis has not become an opportunity to substantially improve the positioning of the regional economy

Dynamics of calcium during in vitro microspore embryogenesis and in vivo microspore development in Brassica napus and Solanum melongena

[EN] Calcium is widely known to have a role as a signaling molecule in many different processes, including stress response and activation of the embryogenic program. However, there are no direct clues about calcium levels during microspore embryogenesis, an experimental process that combines a developmental switch toward embryogenesis and the simultaneous application of different stressing factors. In this work, we used FluoForte, a calcium-specific fluorescent vital dye, to track by confocal microscopy the changes in levels and subcellular distribution of calcium in living rapeseed (B. napus) and eggplant (S. melongena) microspores and pollen grains during in vivo development, as well as during the first stages of in vitro-induced microspore embryogenesis in rapeseed. During in vivo development, a clear peak of cytosolic Ca2+ was observed in rapeseed vacuolate microspores and young pollen grains, the stages more suitable for embryogenesis induction. However, the Ca2+ levels observed in eggplant were dramatically lower than in rapeseed. Just after in vitro induction, Ca2+ levels increased specifically in rapeseed embryogenic microspores at levels dramatically higher than during in vivo development. The increase was observed in the cytosol, but predominantly in vacuoles. Non-embryogenic forms such as callus-like and pollen-like structures presented remarkably different calcium patterns. After the heat shock-based inductive treatment, Ca2+ levels progressively decreased in all cases. Together, our results reveal unique calcium dynamics in in vivo rapeseed microspores, as well as in those reprogrammed to in vitro embryogenesis, establishing a link between changes in Ca2+ level and subcellular distribution, and microspore embryogenesis.This work was supported by grant AGL2014-55177-R to JS from Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) jointly funded by FEDER. AR was supported by a predoctoral fellowship from the FPI Program of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Rivas-Sendra, A.; Calabuig-Serna, A.; Seguí-Simarro, JM. (2017). Dynamics of calcium during in vitro microspore embryogenesis and in vivo microspore development in Brassica napus and Solanum melongena. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01177

Blueprint for a minimal photoautotrophic cell: conserved and variable genes in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al.Abstract Background Simpler biological systems should be easier to understand and to engineer towards pre-defined goals. One way to achieve biological simplicity is through genome minimization. Here we looked for genomic islands in the fresh water cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (genome size 2.7 Mb) that could be used as targets for deletion. We also looked for conserved genes that might be essential for cell survival. Results By using a combination of methods we identified 170 xenologs, 136 ORFans and 1401 core genes in the genome of S. elongatus PCC 7942. These represent 6.5%, 5.2% and 53.6% of the annotated genes respectively. We considered that genes in genomic islands could be found if they showed a combination of: a) unusual G+C content; b) unusual phylogenetic similarity; and/or c) a small number of the highly iterated palindrome 1 (HIP1) motif plus an unusual codon usage. The origin of the largest genomic island by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) could be corroborated by lack of coverage among metagenomic sequences from a fresh water microbialite. Evidence is also presented that xenologous genes tend to cluster in operons. Interestingly, most genes coding for proteins with a diguanylate cyclase domain are predicted to be xenologs, suggesting a role for horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of Synechococcus sensory systems. Conclusions Our estimates of genomic islands in PCC 7942 are larger than those predicted by other published methods like SIGI-HMM. Our results set a guide to non-essential genes in S. elongatus PCC 7942 indicating a path towards the engineering of a model photoautotrophic bacterial cell.Financial support was provided by grants BFU2009-12895-C02-01/BMC (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain), the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number 212894 and Prometeo/2009/092 (Conselleria d’Educació, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain) to A. Moya. Work in the FdlC laboratory was supported by grants BFU2008-00995/BMC (Spanish Ministry of Education), RD06/0008/1012 (RETICS research network, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Health) and LSHM-CT-2005_019023 (European VI Framework Program). Dr. González-Domenech was supported by grant from the University of Granada. LD, thanks to financial support from Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Peer Reviewe

Doubled haploids in eggplant

[EN] This review compiles the most relevant advances made in the production of doubled haploid plants in eggplant, the application of doubled haploid lines in breeding programs, and the future perspectives for the development of alternative technologies for doubled haploid generation in this species. Eggplant is a solanaceous crop cultivated worldwide for its edible fruit. Eggplant breeding programs are mainly aimed to the generation of F1 hybrids by crossing two highly homozygous, pure lines, which are traditionally obtained upon several self crossing generations, which is an expensive and time consuming process. Alternatively, fully homozygous, doubled haploid (DH) individuals can be induced from haploid cells of the germ line in a single generation. Several attempts have been made to develop protocols to produce eggplant DHs principally using anther culture and isolated microspore culture. Eggplant could be considered a moderately recalcitrant species in terms of ability for DH production. Anther culture stands nowadays as the most valuable technology to obtain eggplant DHs. However, the theoretical possibility of having plants regenerated from somatic tissues of the anther walls cannot be ruled out. For this reason, the use of isolated microspores is recommended when possible. This approach still has room for improvement, but it is largely genotype-dependent. In this review, we compile the most relevant advances made in DH production in eggplant, their application to breeding programs, and the future perspectives for the development of other, less genotype-dependent, DH technologies.This research was funded by the Valencian Government, grant number CDEIGENT 2018/023 to RMM and by the Spanish MICINN, grant number PID2020-115763RB-I00 to JMSS. ACS is the recipient of a predoctoral contract from the FPU program of the Spanish Government.Mir Moreno, R.; Calabuig-Serna, A.; Seguí-Simarro, JM. (2021). Doubled haploids in eggplant. Biology. 10(7):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10070685S11610

Combined precoding for multiuser Multiple-Input Multiple-Output satellite communications

[EN] Applying Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques in satellite communications can increase data rates. However, new signal processing elements have to be taken into account to fully exploit the expected advantages of MIMO communications. In this paper, we evaluate different precoding techniques over the satellite channel. A performance comparison between several precoders in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and complexity is given for different channel realizations. Furthermore, a novel hybrid scheme for signal precoding is proposed that optimizes the computation for a required BER. The new scheme is based on the matrix condition number of the satellite MIMO channel.This work has been partially funded by the Spanish MINECO grant RACHEL TEC2013-47141-C4-4-R and through FPU AP-2012/71274.Simarro, MA.; Puig, B.; Martínez Zaldívar, FJ.; Gonzalez, A. (2018). Combined precoding for multiuser Multiple-Input Multiple-Output satellite communications. Computers & Electrical Engineering. 71:704-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.08.006S7047137

Assessment of different anther culture approaches to produce doubled haploids in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

[EN] Cucumber is one of the most important vegetable crops worldwide, which makes it a good candidate to produce doubled haploid (DH) lines to accelerate plant breeding. Traditionally, these approaches involved induction of gynogenesis or parthenogenesis with irradiated pollen, which carries some disadvantages compared to androgenesis. Despite this, studies on anther/microspore cultures in cucumber are surprisingly scarce. Furthermore, most of them failed to unambiguously demonstrate the haploid origin of the individuals obtained. In this work we focused on anther cultures using two cucumber genotypes, different previously published protocols for anther culture, different in vitro culture variants to make it more efficient, and most importantly, a combination of flow cytometry and microsatellite molecular markers to evaluate the real androgenic potential and the impact of anther wall tissue proliferation. We developed a method to produce DH plants involving a bud pretreatment at 4 C, a 35 C treatment to anthers, culture with BAP and 2,4-D, and induction of callus morphogenesis by an additional 35 C treatment and sequential culture first in liquid medium in darkness and second in solid medium with light. We also found that factors such as genotype, proliferation of anther wall tissues, orientation of anthers in the culture medium and growth regulator composition of the initial anther culture medium have a remarkable impact. Our rate of chromosome doubling (81%) was high enough to exclude additional chromosome doubling steps. Together, our results present androgenesis as an improvable but yet more convenient alternative to traditional gynogenesis and parthenogenesis-based approaches.Thanks are due to all the whole staff of the Cell Biology Group for helping and training AA during his stay in the group. This work was supported by Grant AGL2017- 88135-R to JMSS from Spanish Ministerio de Economı´a y Competitividad (MINECO) jointly funded by FEDER.Asadi, A.; Zebarjadi, A.; Abdollahi, MR.; Seguí-Simarro, JM. (2018). Assessment of different anther culture approaches to produce doubled haploids in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Euphytica. 214(216):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2297-xS117214216Abdollahi MR, Najafi S, Sarikhani H, Moosavi SS (2016) Induction and development of anther-derived gametic embryos in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) by optimizing the macronutrient and agar concentrations in culture medium. Turk J Biol 40(3):571–579Ashok Kumar HG, Murthy HN (2004) Effect of sugars and amino acids on androgenesis of Cucumis sativus. 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Parallel SUMIS Soft Detector for Large MIMO Systems on Multicore and GPU

[EN] The number of transmit and receiver antennas is an important factor that affects the performance and complexity of a MIMO system. A MIMO system with very large number of antennas is a promising candidate technology for next generations of wireless systems. However, the vast majority of the methods proposed for conventional MIMO system are not suitable for large dimensions. In this context, the use of high-performance computing systems, such us multicore CPUs and graphics processing units has become attractive for efficient implementation of parallel signal processing algorithms with high computational requirements. In the present work, two practical parallel approaches of the Subspace Marginalization with Interference Suppression detector for large MIMO systems have been proposed. Both approaches have been evaluated and compared in terms of performance and complexity with other detectors for different system parameters.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish MINECO Grant RACHEL TEC2013-47141-C4-4-R, the PROMETEO FASE II 2014/003 Project and FPU AP-2012/71274Ramiro Sánchez, C.; Simarro, MA.; Gonzalez, A.; Vidal Maciá, AM. (2019). Parallel SUMIS Soft Detector for Large MIMO Systems on Multicore and GPU. The Journal of Supercomputing. 75(3):1256-1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-018-2403-9S12561267753Rusek F, Persson D, Lau BK, Larsson EG, Marzetta TL, Edfors O, Tufvesson F (2013) Scaling up MIMO: opportunities and challenges with very large arrays. IEEE Signal Proc Mag 30(1):40–60Studer C, Burg A, Bölcskei H (2008) Soft-output sphere decoding: algorithms and VLSI implementation. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 26(2):290–300Wang R, Giannakis GB (2004) Approaching MIMO channel capacity with reduced-complexity soft sphere decoding. In: Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2004. WCNC. 2004 IEEE vol 3, pp 1620–1625Persson D, Larsson EG (2011) Partial marginalization soft MIMO detection with higher order constellations. IEEE Trans Signal Procces 59(1):453–458Cîrkić M, Larsson EG (2014) SUMIS: near-optimal soft-in soft-out MIMO detection with low and fixed complexity. IEEE Trans Signal Process 62(12):3084–3097Alberto Gonzalez C, Ramiro, M, Ángeles Simarro, Antonio M Vidal (2017) Parallel SUMIS soft detector for MIMO systems on multicore. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational and Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering, pp 1729–1736Hochwald BM, ten Brink S (2003) Achieving near-capacity on a multiple-antenna channel. IEEE Trans Commun 51:389–399Kaipeng L, Bei Y, Michael W, Joseph RC, Christoph S (2015) Accelerating massive MIMO uplink detection on GPU for SDR systems. In: 2015 IEEE dallas circuits and systems conference (DCAS), pp 1–4Di W, Eilert J, Liu D (2011) Implementation of a high-speed MIMO soft-output symbol detector for software defined radio. J Signal Process Syst 63(1):27–37Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford LS, Demmel J, Dongarra J, Du Croz J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A, Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK users’ guide. SIAM, LondonIntel MKL Reference Manual (2015) https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/mkl-reference-manualcuBLAS Documentation (2015) http://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cublasDagum L, Enon R (1998) OpenMP: an industry standard API for shared-memory programming. IEEE Comput Sci Eng 5(1):46–55CUDA Toolkit Documentation, Version 7.5 (2015) https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-toolkitRoger S, Ramiro C, Gonzalez A, Almenar V, Vidal AM (2012) Fully parallel GPU implementation of a fixed-complexity soft-output MIMO detector. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 61(8):3796–3800Senst M, Ascheid G, Lüders H (2010) Performance evaluation of the markov chain monte carlo MIMO detector based on mutual information. 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp 1–