Picture or word superiority effects in implicit memory: levels of processing, attention and retrieval constraints

Previous research with implicit memory tests has shown that the typical picture superiority effect with explicit memory instructions can he reversed on verbal perceptual tests (e.g., word-stem completion task). Two experiments explored whether the picture superiority effect can be restored with a verbal conceptual test of implicit memory (i.e., category instance generation task). In the first experiment, participants received either a perceptual test or a conceptual test of implicit memory. Furthermore, in the study phase level of processing was varied. With a superficial orienting task, a word superiority effect was found on the perceptual test and a picture superiority effect was observed on the conceptual test. Only with a semantic orienting task, priming was found for pictures on the perceptual test and for words on the conceptual test. In the second experiment, this pattern of findings was replicated with a superficial orienting task in the study phase. Once again priming for pictures on the perceptual test and priming for words on the conceptual test was found to be at chance level. Dividing attention in the study phase did not influence these results

Happa: The New Frontier of Marginality and Disruption of Long-Static Racial Constructs

Recent reports have noted a rise in interracial marriages, which some say represents a positive change in attitudes toward race and ethnicity. However, the available data shows interracial marriages more often entail a union where one person is the member of the dominant group (e.g., White European). So, why is the percentage of marriage between non-dominants so rare? This chapter discusses whether this is a result of minority groups adopting majority attitudes toward other ethnic groups—a reflection of interethnic group conflict between ethnic groups—or just a reflection of the population and patterns of integration. Still, in its own way, this pattern may reinforce ethnic stereotypes and attitudes to the benefit of the majority group and the continued marginalization of ethnic groups