Estratégias e desafios do cuidado de enfermagem diante da pandemia da covid-19 / Strategies and challenges of nursing care in the face of covid-19 pandemic

Objetivo: Refletir a respeito do cuidado de enfermagem no cenário da pandemia da COVID-19. Método: Tratou-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura com seleção de artigos nas bases de dados LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE, IBECS e SciELO, tendo uma amostra final de 14 estudos, publicados nos anos de 2017 a 2020, dos quais foram analisados de forma descritiva. Resultados: Foram identificados, dentre os principais resultados, desafios na implementação do cuidado, desvalorização da categoria versus reconhecimento da profissão, maior sofrimento psicoemocional da equipe e déficit de equipamentos essenciais ao cuidado. Por outro lado, houve fortalecimento do processo de enfermagem e princípios de humanização como ferramenta de cuidado. Considerações finais: É evidente que o cenário atual trouxe dificuldades que implicam no desenvolvimento dos cuidados de enfermagem, sendo essencial a incorporação da humanização para uma assistência de qualidade

Catálogo de plantas e fungos do Brasil

"Parabenizo a todos os botânicos que contribuíram para completar o presente catálogo. O Brasil é o país que provavelmente possui a maior flora do mundo, portanto, a produção de uma lista completa dessa flora é uma extensa tarefa. Os coordenadores mobilizaram uma grande equipe de pessoas para compilar a lista, e é ótimo ver que este projeto, diferentemente do que se observa em outros países, foi coordenado no Brasil. Isto demonstra o alto nível e a capacidade da comunidade botânica brasileira que se desenvolveu rapidamente nas últimas décadas. Este catálogo, por ter sido preparado na sua maioria por especialistas dos grupos estudados, mostra quais espécies são correntemente aceitas pelos botânicos envolvidos. As espécies foram padronizadas por meio da citação de materiais-voucher, a maioria dos quais foi coletada por brasileiros e está alojada em herbários do Brasil. A informação a respeito da distribuição geográfica de cada espécie será extremamente útil para fins de conservação, e é interessante notar o número expressivo de espécies endêmicas do Brasil. Este catálogo certamente será utilizado por estudantes de diversas áreas envolvendo botânica, ecologia e outras, e tenho certeza de que a sua existência estimulará futuras pesquisas a respeito de plantas brasileiras e que a sua versão online o manterá atualizado. O desafio agora é conservar os muitos ecossistemas diferentes nos quais estas espécies ocorrem, para manter a diversidade botânica do país.

Estudo comparativo de métodos de análise para determinação de clorpirifós em águas da zona rural de Ouro Branco/MG, empregando planejamentos experimentais multivariados.

Produzidos desde a década de 40, os organofosforados foram os primeiros a substituírem os organoclorados, aos quais os insetos já apresentavam resistência. Dentre estes o clorpirifós apresenta-se como um inseticida altamente tóxico. Devido à sua elevada lipossolubilidade é absorvido pelo organismo humano, especialmente pela pele. Os organofosforadossão conhecidos por induzirem ou agravarem certos problemas de saúde; assim é importante seu monitoramento. Para a determinação de clorpirifós em amostras aquosas geralmente utiliza-se etapas de extração/pré-concentração antes de se efetuar a quantificação. Neste trabalho, foramavaliadas as técnicasextração líquido-líquido com partição a baixa temperatura (LLE-LTP) e microextração em fase sólida com headspace (HS-SPME) e as técnicas de cromatografia gasosa com detecção por captura de elétrons (GC-ECD) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) para definição do método analítico mais sensível, utilizando planejamentos experimentais multivariados para a otimização dos métodos de preparo de amostra. Após a otimização, o método HS-SPME/GC-ECD foi validado para o monitoramento de clorpirifós em cursos d’água superficiais próximos às principais plantações de batata na zona rural de Ouro Branco/MG. Apresença de agrotóxicos, como o clorpirifós nesses cursos d’água, foi relacionada em pesquisas anteriores aos altos índices dos casos de hipertensão e aborto da população da zona rural. A definição dos pontos de coleta foi feita após visitas de campo e levantamento de informações obtidas junto aos órgãos e pessoas competentes. O planejamento fatorial completo apontou as variáveis tempo (1)e temperatura de extração (2), volume de amostra (3) e concentração de eletrólito (4) como importantes para o sistema;logo as mesmas foram avaliadas em mais níveis pela matriz Doehlert.As variáveis 1, 2 e 3 foram apontadas como as que influenciam o sistema. O modelo quadrático do planejamento Doehlert foi significativo não apresentando falta de ajuste e a condição ótima foi definida no tempo e temperatura de extração de 60 min e 85 °C, respectivamente, com um volume de amostra de 11 mL e 0,04 mol/L de concentração de eletrólito. O método otimizado foi validado considerando os parâmetros seletividade, linearidade, precisão (repetitividade e precisão intermediária), exatidão e os limites de detecção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ). O LOQ e LOD foram 0,76 e 2,28 μg/L, respectivamente. O método se mostrou linear com R2 igual a 0,992. Os resultados indicaram que o método HS-SPME/GC-ECD proposto é eficiente para a determinação de clorpirifós em água e as análises das amostras coletadas indicaram a presença de clorpirifós em concentrações entre osvalores de LOD e LOQ. Os resultados desta pesquisa foram informados à Prefeitura Municipal de Ouro Branco e órgãos competentes.Produced since1940, organophosphates were the first to replace the organochlorines, which already had bug resistance. Among these chlorpyrifos presents itself as a highly toxic insecticide. Due to its high lipossolubility it is absorbed by the human body, especially the skin. Organophosphates are known to induce or worsen certain health problems; so it is important its monitoring. For the determination of chlorpyrifos in aqueous samples generally are used steps of extraction/pre-concentration before performing the measurement. In this study it was investigated the liquid-liquid extraction technique withlow temperature partition (LLE-LTP) and solid phase microextraction with headspace (HS-SPME) and the techniques of gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC- ECD) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to define the most sensitive analytical method, using multivariate experimental designs for the optimization of the sample preparation techniques. After optimization, the HS-SPME/GC-ECD method was validated for the monitoring of chlorpyrifosin surface water bodies close to the main potato fields in countryside of OuroBranco/MG; the presence of pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, in these streams has been linked in previous research to the high rates of hypertension and abortion cases of the population in rural areas. The definition of the sampling was made after field visits and information survey obtained from the competent agencies and people. The full factorial design showed the variables time (1) and temperature of extraction (2), sample volume (3) and concentration of electrolyte (4) as important to the system; in this way the same ones were evaluated in more levels by Doehlert matrix. Variables 1, 2 and 3 were identified as those that affect the system, the quadratic modelof Doehlert design was significant not showing lack of fit and the optimal condition was set in the time and temperature of extraction of 60 min and 85 °C, respectively, with a volume of 11 mL and 0.04 mol/L of electrolyte concentration. The optimized method was validated considering the parameters selectivity, linearity, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), accuracy and limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ). The LOD and LOQ were 0.76 and 2.28 μg/L, respectively. The method was linear with R2 equal to 0.992. The results indicate that the method HS-SPME/ECD-GC proposed is efficient for the determination of chlorpyrifos in water and the analysis of the samples indicated the presence of chlorpyrifos in concentrations between the values of LOD and LOQ. These results were reported to the Ouro Branco City Hall and competent agencies

Study of analytical techniques to determine chlorpyrifos in the surface waterways of the rural zone of Ouro Branco, Brazil : a case study.

The presence of insecticides in the waterways of the municipality of Ouro Branco, MG, Southeastern Brazil, has become a public health problem. Recent research correlates the presence of these toxins in the water to the high indexes for hypertension and abortions occurring in the rural area. These insecticide residues are only slightly concentrated in the water, and as such, it is necessary to search for and optimize analytic methods that are capable of detecting these very low concentrations. To define the method that presents the best detectability for the organochlorine chlorpyrifos, one of the most used pesticides in the area, sample extraction techniques such as liquid?liquid extraction with low temperature partition (LLE-LTP) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were used, followed by gas chromatography analysis with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Full factorial design 24 and the Doehlert matrix were used to optimize both extraction techniques. The results displayed that HS-SPME-GCECD was the method that presented the best performance for determining the presence of chlorpyrifos in the water. The optimum condition was defined at the extraction time and temperature of 60 min and 85 ?C, respectively, with a sample volume of 11 mL and Na2HPO4 concentration of 0.04 mol/L. The optimized method was validated for the principal figures of merit. The method displayed linearity with R2 equal to 0.992 and detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) of 0.50 and 1.67 ?g/L, respectively. The results indicate that the HS-SPME-GC-ECD technique proposed is efficient for determining the presence of chlorpyrifos in water, and analyses of the collected sample indicated the presence of chlorpyrifos in water bodies in the rural zone of Ouro Branco in concentrations within detection and quantification limits

Exposure to Examples

The paper reports on a study about the effects of using cases, i.e. concrete examples from the past, in architectural education. The study was actuated by the close attention architectural design receives in the field of Case-Based Reasoning, as reflected by the development of various Case-Based Design systems. Although often specifically education-oriented, these systems rarely have become widely used tools in schools of architecture. This raises the question whether the role of cases in architectural education is sufficiently understood to develop effective CBD systems. While CBD researchers generally assume cases to play a crucial part during design, there is no established theory explaining how. The primary goal of our study was therefore to explore the effects of using cases in architectural education. Exposing students to examples is not generally applauded by design teachers, as it is thought to increase the danger of design fixation. Only few view cases as a vital basis for creativity. A more specific goal of our study was thus to investigate whether cases either limit or improve creative design solutions. In the study, 2nd year architecture students had to design an entrance hall for an apartment building. Half of them had access to entrance hall projects of previous years, the other half did not. Analysis of students’ designs revealed some interesting effects. In particular, the probability of getting a higher score for the concept, the choice of materials and colors, and the creative character of their project, was positively influenced by exposure to examples. Yet, this positive influence only occurred for the more skilled and motivated students.status: publishe

Extreme value analysis of air pollution data and their comparison between two large urban regions of South America

Sixteen years of hourly atmospheric pollutant data (1996-2011) in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), and seven years (2005-2011) of data measured in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro (MARJ), were analyzed in order to study the extreme pollution events and their return period. In addition, the objective was to compare the air quality between the two largest Brazilian urban areas and provide information for decision makers, government agencies and civil society. Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) were applied to investigate the behavior of pollutants in these two regions. Although GEV and GPD are different approaches, they presented similar results. The probability of higher concentrations for CO, NO, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 was more frequent during the winter, and O3 episodes occur most frequently during summer in the MASP. On the other hand, there is no seasonally defined behavior in MARJ for pollutants, with O3 presenting the shortest return period for high concentrations. In general, Ibirapuera and Campos Elísios stations present the highest probabilities of extreme events with high concentrations in MASP and MARJ, respectively. When the regions are compared, MASP presented higher probabilities of extreme events for all analyzed pollutants, except for NO; while O3 and PM2.5 are those with most frequent probabilities of presenting extreme episodes, in comparison other pollutants

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora