A Resolução de Problemas: experiência e avaliação nessa perspectiva

O presente artigo aborda questões inerentes à metodologia de Resolução de Problemas e uma experiência de avaliação, levando em consideração apreensões e atitudes do educando frente ao processo de Resolução de Problemas propostos. Tentou-se também sentir a experimentação não só do ponto de vista do professor, mas também do discente, centro do processo educativo. Os autores apresentam estudo de caso elaborado a partir de questionário aplicado com discentes do 9° ano do Colégio de Aplicação da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. O objetivo foi refletir sobre os caminhos percorridos por estes durante o processo de resolução da situação-problema proposta, observando-se os procedimentos desenvolvidos na escrita e interpretação de problemas matemáticos. A análise mapeou as dificuldades e potencialidades apresentadas pelos estudantes na resolução de problemas matemáticos, bem como sua percepção enquanto “resolvedores de problemas”.

Three Cases of Exclusively Extragenital Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (cTVT)

Background: Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (cTVT) is a neoplasia that affects mainly the genital organs of dogs, but can rich extragenital sites as well. It´s a tumor characterized microscopically by the presence of vacuolized round cells. Transmission occurs by implantation of these cells in non-affected tissues and the treatment is based on vincristine chemotherapy.Cases: Case 1. A 5-year-old intact male Poodle, presenting an increase volume of nasal plane came for veterinary care at a private veterinary clinic. The animal had bilateral bloody nasal secretion and dyspnea. The external genitalia had no alterations. The cytological evaluation confirmed cTVT. Treatment with vincristine sulfate weekly showed a rapid responsewith improvement of the respiratory condition, total remission of the mass and absence of neoplastic cells in cytology. Case 2. A 5-year-old mixed-breed canine bitch, weighing 6.7 kg, was brought to the State University of Santa Cruz Veterinary Hospital (UESC-VH), showing an increase volume in the nasal plan region, with complaints about sneezing, nasal bleeding,respiratory distress with approximately 4 months of evolution. The owner informed that the mother of these female dog, that lived in the same environment, died a month before the beginning of clinical signs of the bitch of this case, and showed a reddish vaginal mass with intense bleeding. Intranasal exfoliative cytology showed moderately cellular sample compatible with cTVT. The treatment with vincristine sulphate for 6 weeks, showed completely remission of all clinical signs. Case 3. A 3-year-old mixed-breed male dog was brought to the UESC-VH with a reddish, friable mass located in the left eye. The citology confirmed the clinical suspicion of cTVT. After six weekly sessions of chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate, the tumor regressed and a new cytological evaluation was performed, without visible of tumor cells. By the end of the treatment, the dog was diagnosed with phitisis bulbi, and one year later, due to recurrent ulcerative keratitis, the enucleation was performed and the histopathological examination of the eye did not identify the presence of tumor cells.Discussion: Two of the dogs cited in this report had freely streets access, without supervision of the owners, and they are likely to have contracted cTVT on one of those occasions. The animal’s care style acts as a risk factor for the development of neoplasia. Regarding the third animal, the close contact with another female dog, who had compatible vaginal cTVTclinical signs was probably the factor that determined the transmission. None of the animals cited in this report had lesions on their external genitalia. The extragenital presentation may be attributed to the social behavior of licking and sniffing the genitalia of carrier animals, which may lead to the natural implantation of the viable cells of the cTVT into the ocular and nasal mucosa. About the clinical signs manifested, in the cases of involvement of the nasal structures, the main signs described in literature are bloody nasal secretion, sneezing, dyspnea and increased nasal plane volume, and are similar to those observed in the animals cited in this report. In the case of ocular cTVT, the increase volume with impairment and deformity of all ocular structures, as well as pain and pruritus corroborate with the clinical findings observed in the literature. The cytopathological test was the diagnostic tool used in all cases cited in this report and the cytopathological findings corroborates with those described in the literature. Vincristine sulfate is the drug of choice for the treatment of cTVT cases, and in the dogs of this report, this drug was successfully used leading to complete remission of lesions and clinical signs, as observed in other studies.Keywords: nasal mucosa, ocular mucosa, venereal disease, round cells

Occurrence of Dental Disorders in Dogs

Background: The anatomy of the canine oral cavity and its variations should be understood to facilitate clinical and surgical approaches. Several conditions can be identified during inspection of the oral cavity, including persistent deciduous teeth, enamel hypoplasia, gingival retraction, tooth abrasion and mobility, absence of dental elements, and periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of dental disorders in dogs older than one year, from the microrregion Ilhéus - Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil. Materials, Methods &Results: A total of 74 dogs were evaluated immediately prior to surgical procedures for periodontal disease treatment. After visual inspection and examination with a millimeter probe, the dogs were classified into three groups according to the degree of periodontal disease. All other findings were recorded on an odontogram. Of the 74 dogs, 23 were classified as mild periodontal disease (mean age, 3.6 years), 26 as moderate periodontal disease (mean age, 5.7 years), and 25 as severe periodontal disease (mean age, 9.7 years). There was significant correlation (0.7 p ≤ 0.01) between age and severity of periodontal disease. Fifteen of the 74 dogs did not present any other dental disorder than periodontal disease. Of the remaining 59, nine showed a single dental problem, and 50 had more than one dental problem. Six dogs (of the breeds Pinscher, Yorkshire Terrier, and Lhasa Apso) had deciduous teeth. Of the nine deciduous teeth, all were canine (dental elements 104, 204, and 304). Ten dogs had dental fractures and of the 11 fractured teeth, three were canine (dental elements 104 and 404). Dental wear was observed in 25 dogs (154 teeth). Of the evaluated dogs, seven showed furcation defects and 10 had teeth mobility. Dental absence was observed in 47 dogs.Discussion: In the present study, increased age had a positive correlation with the degree of periodontal disease; this is consistent with reports in the literature, which indicate severity of periodontal disease increases with advancing age. In one of the three cases of enamel hypoplasia, the dog owner reported that the dog presented clinical signs compatible with distemper before the teeth changed, corroborating studies that showed that this virus can act on the enamel cells causing hypoplasia lesions. All the deciduous teeth found were dental elements 104, 204, and 304, consistent with literature reports that these teeth are among the most frequently affected by this condition. In the present paper, of all the teeth examined, the canine teeth presented the majority of fractures. Canine teeth are used for grasping and tearing food, and defense, and are more vulnerable to fractures. Dental wear was observed in many dogs in the present study, presenting as loss of dental surface caused by friction, abrasion, or erosion from a variety of causes. Dental wear may be considered as a physiological process as long as it does not compromise function. Dental mobility is an important clinical sign of periodontal disease and generates pain and discomfort to the patient; in the presence of advanced periodontitis, there is a marked loss of periodontal tissues, including alveolar bone, which is an irreversible process. As the dogs evaluated in the present study were older than one year, any absent teeth could be verified as being due to periodontal disease. In conclusion, disorders of the oral cavity have high prevalence in dogs and must receive special attention to be properly diagnosed and treated

Food consumption and use of Cerrado fruits in quilombola communities in Goiás

The aims of this study were to explore the qualitative food consumption and to investigate the use of native fruits of the Brazilian Cerrado biome by quilombola communities of Goiás, Brazil. Data collection was performed through interviews with leaders of communities who participated in the I Meeting of Health and Quality of Life of Quilombola Communities of Goiás. It was identified a food consumption restricted to basic items with recurrent presence of rice, pumpkin, potato, okra, banana, cassava, corn, beans, sesame, peanuts and castor oil in the usual diet. The presence of Cerrado fruits in sweets, liqueurs, canned and some salty recipes was identified, being the main, pequi, mangaba, baru, jatobá and cagaita. There was a reduction in the consumption of several native fruits, but at the same time, it was identified that there is a recognition by the communities regarding the importance of the use and preservation of these foods and quilombola eating practices. It reinforces the importance of actions to rescue and enhance the quilombola food culture, which dialogue with food and nutritional security and with the local development of the communities

COMPARAÇÃO DO PERFIL FÍSICO-QUÍMICO DE CACHAÇAS ENVELHECIDAS EM TONÉIS DE CARVALHO (QUERCUS SP) E AMBURANA (AMBURANA CEARENSIS)

A cachaça, tradicional e popular bebida brasileira, é o destilado mais consumido em nosso país. O conhecimento de sua composição química é importante, visto que os estudos dos compostos potencialmente tóxicos têm sido um fator determinante no controle de qualidade. O hábito do envelhecimento está se tornando uma prática comum entre os produtores que buscam agregar valores ao seu produto. Madeiras nativas vêm sendo usadas para o envelhecimento, substituindo a tradicional madeira de carvalho. O presente trabalho objetivou realizar um acompanhamento periódico da qualidade físico-química, quanto aos teores de grau alcoólico, acidez volátil, ésteres, aldeídos, álcoois superiores, furfural, metanol e cobre da cachaça no processo de produção e no envelhecimento em tonéis de carvalho (Quercus sp) e amburana (Amburana cearensis). A bebida foi produzida em um alambique artesanal, situado no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais. As análises físico-químicas foram realizadas de acordo com as especificações estabelecidas pelo Ministério de Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). Pelos resultados, foi possível observar que as médias das frações do destilado em estudo apresentaram resultados diferenciados quanto à composição química e mantiveram essa diferença ao longo do período de envelhecimento da cachaça em ambos os tonéis de madeira em estudo.AbstractCachaça, traditional and popular Brazilian spirit, it is the distilled more consumed in our country. The knowledge of its chemical composition is important, considering that studies of potentially toxic compounds have been a determinant factor in quality control. The habit of aging is becoming a common practice among producers to add value to their product. Native woods have been used for aging, replacing the traditional oak wood. The aim of the present study was to realize a periodic monitoring of physico chemical, for the levels of alcohol content, volatile acid, esters, aldehydes, higher alcohols, furfural, methanol and copper in the cachaça production process and aging in oak barrels (Quercus sp ) and amburana (Amburana cearensis) . The beverage was produced in an artisan distillery, located in Southern Minas Gerais State. The physicochemical analysis were performed according to the specifications established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA). According to the results, the mean fractions of the distilled samples showed different results regarding the chemical composition and this difference remained during the period of aging cachaça in both barrels studied

Distribuição espacial e temporal da mortalidade por câncer em um estado da Amazônia Legal Brasileira entre 2000 e 2015

Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution of the four-year rates of mortality from cancer in Mato Grosso state, Brazil, in the period from 2000 to 2015. Methodology: Ecological design study, in which mortality from neoplasia was analyzed, from 2000 to 2015, for the municipalities of the Mato Grosso state. Mortality rates due to cancer were calculated by the ratio of the sum of deaths by cancer in each quadrennium, divided by the average of the population in the two central years of the period, multiplied by 10,000 inhabitants. Annual percentage change was calculated by the ratio of the linear regression coefficient to the cancer mortality rates in the Mato Grosso state at the beginning of the analyzed period (2000 to 2003). Thematic maps were constructed for each quadrennium using intervals of equal classes. Results: Cancer caused 31,097 deaths in the Mato Grosso state in the period, 13,058 in women and 18,039 in men, with a male to female ratio of 1.38. The top five causes of cancer death in the period were lung (12.2%), prostate (8.7%), stomach (7.7%), breast (6.0%) and liver (4.7%). There was increase in the number of municipalities with rates greater than 23.67 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in the period. Conclusion: There was an increase in cancer mortality and an increase in the proportion of municipalities with higher mortality rates. Higher density of cancer mortality occurred in the municipalities located in the West, Center-South, Southeast and Center-North regions of the state.Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição espacial das taxas quadrimestrais de mortalidade por câncer no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2015. Metodologia: Estudo de desenho ecológico, no qual foi analisada a mortalidade por neoplasia, de 2000 a 2015, para os municípios do estado de Mato Grosso. As taxas de mortalidade por câncer foram calculadas pela razão da soma das mortes por câncer em cada quadrênio, dividida pela média da população nos dois anos centrais do período, multiplicada por 10.000 habitantes. Uma variação percentual anual foi calculada pela razão do coeficiente de regressão linear para as taxas de mortalidade por câncer no estado de Mato Grosso no início do período analisado (2000 a 2003). Mapas temáticos foram construídos para cada quadriênio usando intervalos de classes iguais. Resultados: O câncer causou 31.097 óbitos no estado de Mato Grosso no período, 13.058 em mulheres e 18.039 em homens, com uma proporção de homens e mulheres de 1,38. As cinco principais causas de morte por câncer no período foram pulmão (12,2%), próstata (8,7%), estômago (7,7%), mama (6,0%) e fígado (4,7%). Houve um aumento no número de municípios com taxas superiores a 23,67 óbitos por 100.000 habitantes no período. Conclusão: Houve aumento da mortalidade por câncer e aumento na proporção de municípios com maiores taxas de mortalidade. Maiores densidades de mortalidade por câncer ocorreram nos municípios localizados nas regiões Oeste, Centro-Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Norte do estado. &nbsp

The fourteenth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey : first spectroscopic data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since 2014 July. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the 14th from SDSS overall (making this Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes the data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (2014–2016 July) public. Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey; the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data-driven machine-learning algorithm known as “The Cannon”; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from the SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS web site (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020 and will be followed by SDSS-V