Learning to ADAPT: monitoring and evaluation approaches in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction – challenges, gaps and ways forward

This working paper is a methodological contribution to the emerging debate on monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in the context of climate change adaptationand disaster risk reduction. Effectively managing disaster risk is critical for adapting to the impacts of climate change, however disasters risk reduction M&E practice may be limited in capturing progress towards adaptation. The unique nature of adaptation to climate change calls for experience-based learning M&E processes for discovering the key insights into adaptive capacity and its links to adaptation processes, and to risk and vulnerability reduction at large. The ADAPT guiding principles and indicators set the foundations towards this end

Greening disaster risk management: Issues at the interface of disaster risk management and low carbon development

This paper explores the links between DRM and low carbon development and thereby sheds light on a new and emerging research and development agenda. It elaborates the carbon and greenhouse gas implications of DRM interventions and post-disaster reconstruction practices, drawing on case studies from flood risk reduction, coastal protection and drought risk reduction and considers how post-disaster housing and energy supply reconstruction can be 'greened'. The paper makes suggestions about how the carbon implications of DRM measures could be accounted for in a coherent manner

Cumplimiento de criterios médicos establecidos para las indicaciones de cesáreas en 19 Empresas Médicas en el departamento de Managua. Año 2003.

Estudio de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal realizado en 19 empresas médicas previsionales en el departamento de Managua para conocer el cumplimiento de los criterios médicos establecidos para la realización del procedimiento quirúrgico, cesáreas

Assessing Progress on Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Development Processes

Climate change threatens development and the progress needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. In managing such risks to development, there is a significant overlap of concepts and shared goals between disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) coordinating mechanisms. Since 2008, the momentum toward convergence has grown and analysis in this 2010 assessment indicates pockets and trajectories of integration that promise improved development outcomes. However, it also demonstrates continued separation of DRR, CCA and development in some geographic areas and significant structural barriers to convergence in critical institutions at different scale

Changing Climate, Changing Disasters: Pathways Towards Integration

The CSDRM approach responds to the urgent need for organisations to be able to learn, reflect and integrate in better ways in order to remain relevant to their mission and goals. CSDRM is flexible, because you work in unique and complex environments. It helps you evaluate which of the many existing tools and frameworks in DRM, CCA and development are right for you. It develops your ability to identify and form strategic partnerships, and gives you concrete indicators to reflect, review and evaluate your progress. You get greater assurance that your work is supporting the realisation of sustainable development that is climate smart and disaster proof

Imaginary representations of interaction and school violence

La investigación sobre violencia escolar (perspectivas sociopedagógica y psicosocial) no ha tenido en cuenta de modo suficiente los elementos interpersonales e imaginarios que entendemos claves para la. Resum: comprensión del fenómeno. Nuestro trabajo intenta analizar los imaginarios en los que se fundamenta la violencia de un grupo de jóvenes en un contexto de relaciones interpersonales en el espacio institucional de la escuela secundaria en Rio Claro (Brasil). Para ello, analizamos los discursos de cuatro grupos de jóvenes de dos escuelas diferentes y con diferente relación con la violencia escolar, recogido en entrevistas sucesivas de grupo, así como los dibujos y fotografías realizados por estos jóvenes sobre sus respectivas escuelas. El análisis realizado muestra un imaginario de violencia generalizada, dentro y fuera de la escuela, con una representación de la escuela como agresora e injusta y unos alumnos (agresores) humillados y desvalorizados.School violence research (sociopaedagogical and psychosocial perspectives) has not appropiately taken into account interpersonal and imaginary elements that may be extremely relevant for the understanding of this phenomena. This article analizes the imaginaries that articulates the violence of youth groups in a context of interpersonal relationships in the institutional space of a Rio Claro (Brazil) secondary school. The results are based on the analysis of four youth groups discourses, gathered in succesive group interviews, as well as the drawings made and pictures taken on their respective schools. They show a strong imaginary of generalized violence, in and out the school, with a representation of the school as unfair and aggressor and the students, aggressors themselves, as humiliated and undervalued

Representaciones imaginarias de la interacción y violencia en la escuela

La investigación sobre violencia escolar (perspectivas sociopedagógica y psicosocial) no ha tenido en cuenta de modo suficiente los elementos interpersonales e imaginarios que entendemos claves para la comprensión del fenómeno. Nuestro trabajo intenta analizar los imaginarios en los que se fundamenta la violencia de un grupo de jóvenes en un contexto de relaciones interpersonales en el espacio institucional de la escuela secundaria en Rio Claro (Brasil). Para ello, analizamos los discursos de cuatro grupos de jóvenes de dos escuelas diferentes y con diferente relación con la violencia escolar, recogido en entrevistas sucesivas de grupo, así como los dibujos y fotografías realizados por estos jóvenes sobre sus respectivas escuelas. El análisis realizado muestra un imaginario de violencia generalizada, dentro y fuera de la escuela, con una representación de la escuela como agresora e injusta y unos alumnos (agresores) humillados y desvalorizados.School violence research (sociopaedagogical and psychosocial perspectives) has not appropiately taken into account interpersonal and imaginary elements that may be extremely relevant for the understanding of this phenomena. This article analizes the imaginaries that articulates the violence of youth groups in a context of interpersonal relationships in the institutional space of a Rio Claro (Brazil) secondary school. The results are based on the analysis of four youth groups discourses, gathered in succesive group interviews, as well as the drawings made and pictures taken on their respective schools. They show a strong imaginary of generalized violence, in and out the school, with a representation of the school as unfair and aggressor and the students, aggressors themselves, as humiliated and undervalued

Improving the delivery and efficiency of fungus-impregnated cloths for control of adult Aedes aegypti using a synthetic attractive lure

Abstract Background Entomopathogenic fungi are highly promising agents for controlling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Deploying fungus-impregnated black cloths in PET traps efficiently reduced Ae. aegypti female survival rates under intra-domicile conditions. With the aim of further increasing the effectiveness of the traps, the addition of attractive lures to fungus-impregnated traps was evaluated. Methods Black cloths were suspended inside 2 l plastic bottles called “PET traps”. These traps were placed in rooms simulating human residences. The first experiments evaluated the attraction of mosquitoes to PET traps with black cloths covered in adhesive film with and without synthetic lures (AtrAedes™). Traps were left in the test rooms for either 24 or 48 h. The attractiveness of the lures over time was also evaluated. The efficiency of PET traps with fungus-impregnated black cloths associated with lures was compared to that of traps without lures. Results The highest percentage of captured mosquitoes (31 and 66%) were observed in PET traps with black cloths covered in adhesive film + attractive lure maintained in test rooms for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Black cloths covered in adhesive film captured 17 or 36% of the mosquitoes at 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The attractiveness of the lures fell gradually over time, capturing 37% after 5 days on the bench and 22% of the mosquitoes after 30 days exposure to ambient conditions. Associating attractive synthetic lures with black cloths impregnated with M. anisopliae placed in test rooms for 120 h reduced mean survival to 32%, whilst black cloths impregnated with M. anisopliae without lures resulted in a 48% survival rate. Using Beauveria bassiana in the traps resulted in a 52% reduction in mosquito survival, whilst combining Beauveria and AtrAedes resulted in a 36% survival rate. PET traps impregnated with fungus + AtrAedes resulted in similar reductions in survival when left in the rooms for 24, 48, 72 or 120 h. Conclusions AtrAedes increased attractiveness of PET traps with black cloths under intra-domicile conditions and when associated with M. anisopliae or B. bassiana, significantly reduced Aedes survival. This strategy will reduce the number of PET traps necessary per household

The violence in the daily school routine

O presente trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre os processos de interação que ocorrem no interior da escola que estão associados a situações de preconceitos e estigmas e desencadeiam conflitos e violência. O cotidiano escolar é marcado por uma violência que aparece na forma de segregação, exclusão e indiferença ao outro. É importante que se analise as práticas que são veiculadas no âmbito escolar buscando o desvelamento e não o acobertamento das práticas de discriminação e de intolerância que podem gerar violências entre os adolescentes e jovens no contexto escolar e entre estes e os educadores.The present paper presents a reflection on the processes of interaction that take place inside the school. They are associated to situations of prejudice and stigma and they trigger conflicts and violence. The daily routine at schools is marked by violence such as segregation, exclusion and indifference to the other. It is important to analyze the practices transmitted in the school environment looking for the unveiling and not the covering of discrimination and intolerance that may generate violence among teenagers and youngsters in the school context and between students and educators.Depto. de Antropología Social y Psicología SocialFac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaTRUEpu

Dissemination of Metarhizium anisopliae of low and high virulence by mating behavior in Aedes aegypti

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by <it>Aedes </it>mosquitoes. It is a threat for public health worldwide and its primary vector <it>Aedes aegypti </it>is becoming resistant to chemical insecticides. These factors have encouraged studies to evaluate entomopathogenic fungi against the vector. Here we evaluated mortality, infection, insemination and fecundity rates in <it>A. aegypti </it>females after infection by autodissemination with two Mexican strains of <it>Metarhizium anisopliae</it>.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Two <it>M. anisopliae </it>strains were tested: The Ma-CBG-1 least virulent (lv), and the Ma-CBG-2 highly virulent (hv) strain. The lv was tested as non mosquito-passed (NMP), and mosquito-passed (MP), while the hv was examined only as MP version, therefore including the control four treatments were used. In the first bioassay virulence of fungal strains towards female mosquitoes was determined by indirect exposure for 48 hours to conidia-impregnated paper. In the second bioassay autodissemination of fungal conidia from fungus-contaminated males to females was evaluated. Daily mortality allowed computation of survival curves and calculation of the LT₅₀by the Kaplan-Meier model. All combinations of fungal sporulation and mating insemination across the four treatments were analyzed by χ². The mean fecundity was analyzed by ANOVA and means contrasted with the Ryan test.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Indirect exposure to conidia allowed a faster rate of mortality, but exposure to a fungal-contaminated male was also an effective method of infecting female mosquitoes. All females confined with the hv strain-contaminated male died in fifteen days with a LT₅₀of 7.57 (± 0.45) where the control was 24.82 (± 0.92). For the lv strain, it was possible to increase fungal virulence by passing the strain through mosquitoes. 85% of females exposed to hv-contaminated males became infected and of them just 10% were inseminated; control insemination was 46%. The hv strain reduced fecundity by up to 99%, and the lv strain caused a 40% reduction in fecundity.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The hv isolate infringed a high mortality, allowed a low rate of insemination, and reduced fecundity to nearly zero in females confined with a fungus-contaminated male. This pathogenic impact exerted through sexual transmission makes the hv strain of <it>M. anisopliae </it>worthy of further research.</p