Involvement of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 Protein in the Regulation of Botrytis Virulence- and Tomato Defense-Related Genes

[EN] Several Trichoderma spp. are well known for their ability to: (i) act as important biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi; (ii) function as biofertilizers; (iii) increase the tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses; and (iv) induce plant defense responses via the production and secretion of elicitor molecules. In this study, we analyzed the gene-regulation effects of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 protein during the interactions of mutant ∆epl-1 or wild-type T. harzianum strains with: (a) the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea and (b) with tomato plants, on short (24 h hydroponic cultures) and long periods (4-weeks old plants) after Trichoderma inoculation. Our results indicate that T. harzianum Epl-1 protein affects the in vitro expression of B. cinerea virulence genes, especially those involved in the botrydial biosynthesis (BcBOT genes), during the mycoparasitism interaction. The tomato defense-related genes were also affected, indicating that Epl-1 is involved in the elicitation of the salicylic acid pathway. Moreover, Epl-1 also regulates the priming effect in host tomato plants and contributes to enhance the interaction with the host tomato plant during the early stage of root colonizationSIThis work was supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (Proc. 2012/16895-4, Proc. 2013/24452-8, and Proc. 2016/04274-6). Funding was also obtained from the Junta de Castilla y León, Spain (LE228U14) and the Spanish Government Grants from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2012-40041-C02-02 and AGL2015-70671-C2-2-R

Quantum-wave evolution in a step potential barrier

By using an exact solution to the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation with a point source initial condition, we investigate both the time and spatial dependence of quantum waves in a step potential barrier. We find that for a source with energy below the barrier height, and for distances larger than the penetration length, the probability density exhibits a {\it forerunner} associated with a non-tunneling process, which propagates in space at exactly the semiclassical group velocity. We show that the time of arrival of the maximum of the {\it forerunner} at a given fixed position inside the potential is exactly the traversal time, $\tau$. We also show that the spatial evolution of this transient pulse exhibits an invariant behavior under a rescaling process. This analytic property is used to characterize the evolution of the {\it forerunner}, and to analyze the role played by the time of arrival, $3^{-1/2}\tau$, found recently by Muga and B\"{u}ttiker [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 62}, 023808 (2000)].Comment: To be published in Phys. Rev. A (2002

Kratki pregled metoda mikroinkapsulacije biljnih ulja: principi, stabilnost i primjena

In addition to being used in food, fuel and lubricants, vegetable oils are promising in many other applications such as food additives, nutritional supplements, cosmetics and biomedicine; however, their low oxidative stability can limit their use. Microencapsulation is a well-established method for the preservation of oil against degradation, controlled release of active ingredients, protection against external factors during storage, and enhanced durability. In this article, microencapsulation methods for vegetable oil are reviewed, including physical methods (spray-drying and freeze-drying), physicochemical methods (complex coacervation, ionic gelation and electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition), and chemical methods (interfacial/in situ polymerization). This article also provides information on the principles, parameters, advantages, disadvantages and applications of these methods.Biljna ulja se osim u prehrani te kao goriva i maziva, mogu koristiti kao dodaci hrani, nutraceutici, u proizvodnji kozmetike i biomedicini, no primjena im je ograničena zbog slabe oksidacijske stabilnosti. Mikroinkapsulacija je uobičajena metoda zaštite ulja od razgradnje i vanjskih čimbenika tijekom skladištenja, kojom se kontrolira otpuštanje aktivnih sastojaka i produljuje trajnost ulja. U ovom je radu dan kratki pregled metoda mikroinkapsulacije biljnih ulja, uključujući fizikalne (sušenje raspršivanjem i zamrzavanjem), fizikalno-kemijske (kompleksna koacervacija, ionsko geliranje i slojeviti elektrostatski premazi) i kemijske (međufazna i in situ polimerizacija) postupke. Osim toga, ovaj rad donosi informacije o principima, parametrima, prednostima i nedostacima, te mogućim primjenama ovih metoda

History-sensitive versus future-sensitive approaches to security in distributed systems

We consider the use of aspect-oriented techniques as a flexible way to deal with security policies in distributed systems. Recent work suggests to use aspects for analysing the future behaviour of programs and to make access control decisions based on this; this gives the flavour of dealing with information flow rather than mere access control. We show in this paper that it is beneficial to augment this approach with history-based components as is the traditional approach in reference monitor-based approaches to mandatory access control. Our developments are performed in an aspect-oriented coordination language aiming to describe the Bell-LaPadula policy as elegantly as possible. Furthermore, the resulting language has the capability of combining both history- and future-sensitive policies, providing even more flexibility and power.Comment: In Proceedings ICE 2010, arXiv:1010.530

Evaluating steel fiber‐reinforced self‐consolidating concrete performance

The fiber‐reinforced self‐compacting concrete (FR‐SCC) is considered a high‐performance material, clustering characteristics of SCC combined with steel fibers. This paper assessed fresh and hardened state properties of a reference SCC and a FR‐SCC with fibers of three types and three quantities of reinforcement, totalizing 10 mixtures. Fresh state properties of the mixture were evaluated through the tests of slump‐flow, flow rate, filling ability, plastic viscosity by V‐funnel, passing ability by J‐ring and by L‐box; and hardened properties comprised compressive strength, flexural strength, and flexural toughness. Overall, it was observed that increasing the amount and length of fibers hindered the mixture workability. Also, the flexural strength and flexural toughness increased as the length and the amount of fibers increased. Regarding mechanical properties, it was not possible to identify an equivalence between the types of fibers evaluated and the compressive strength of mixtures. The flexural was proportional to the amount of fibers, with increases of up to 30% for concretes with fibers

Economic-driving : a sustainable issue

The approach proposed in this paper considered benefits of a one-stop facility, and the regional transport impacts of relocating all or some of the processing functions to alternative sites. A three-tier approach to assessing economic outcomes was proposed; namely including a conventional cost-benefit assessment; a macro-economic impact assessment; and a wider economic development impact assessment.Paper presented at the 34th Annual Southern African Transport Conference 6-9 July 2015 "Working Together to Deliver - Sakha Sonke", CSIR International Convention Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.The Minister of Transport, South AfricaTransportation Research Board of the US

Curvas de crescimento de gado Nelore ajustadas para diferentes frequências de pesagens

From a herd of 2,116 Nellore cattle from the Bonsucesso Ranch, located in Guararapes, SP, Brazil, 955 animals which had been weighted monthly from birth to 24 months of age were selected. This group included male and female progenies, out of six randomly selected sires. Due to significant year and calving season effects on weight (P<0.01), the animals were grouped in to two periods (1963-1970 and 1971-1974) and two calving season (dry season, April-September and rainy season, October-March). Data were classified by sire, sex, period and calving season in 48 subgroups. The weight-age data of each subgroup, for intervals of 1, 2 and 3 months, were fitted to five mathematical models describing growth: Brody, von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic and Richards. For all models and all weighing intervals the determination coefficients (DC) were greater than or equal to 98.0%. The Brody's DC for intervals of 1 (98.4%), 2 (98.3%). and 3 months (98.4%) were slightly superior to the DC from the other models. According to comparisons on the determination coefficients, regression standard deviations and computational ease there was no difference among the sets of data corresponding to weights taken with intervals  of 1, 2 and 3 months.De 2.116 bovinos Nelore, foram selecionados 955 animais com dados de pesagens mensais de até 24 meses de idade. Desta amostra foram escolhidos, aleatoriamente, seis reprodutores. Em face dos efeitos de ano e época de parto sobre o peso (P<0,01), os animais foram agrupados em dois períodos (1963-70 e 1971-74) e em duas épocas de parto (estação seca, abril a setembro; e estação chuvosa, outubro a março). Os dados foram classificados por reprodutor, sexo, período e época de parto, em 48 subgrupos. Os dados de peso-idade de cada subgrupo, para intervalos de um, dois e três meses, foram ajustados a cinco modelos matemáticos descritores de crescimento: Brody, von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logístico e Richards. Para todos os modelos e intervalos de pesagem os coeficientes de determinação (CD) foram maiores do que ou iguais a 98%. O CD de Brody para intervalos de um (98,4%), dois (98,3%) e três meses (98,4%) foi ligeiramente superior ao CD dos outros modelos. De acordo com comparações sobre os coeficientes de determinação, os desvios-padrão da regressão e a facilidade de computação, não houve diferença entre os dados correspondentes aos pesos tomados com intervalos de um, dois e três meses

Now you see me, now you don't : a case study of the effect of the sampling method on the perceived struture of Ichthyological communities

Fauna and Flora of the Atlantic Islands : Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium, Ponta Delgada, 21-25-September 1998.The fish community of a small rocky area near Ponta Delgada, Azores, was assessed using two methods: visual census and rotenone collections. The results obtained with each method are analysed and compared. A total of 46 species was recorded for this site. The visual census recorded more species than did the rotenone collections, but each method detected species that escaped the other. The total fish diversity was found to be similar to that reported in other localized studies of littoral rocky areas of the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Each method used revealed a different spatial structure and different trophic relationships of the ichthyological community. The visual census put in evidence the pelagic/demersal component, while the rotenone collections emphasized the benthic one. Both methods agree on the importance of the benthic primary production in the trophic food web. Visual census data further suggest that the relevance of the direct consumption of algal material by omnivores and herbivores is greater than could be guessed by the species diversity in this group. Strategies are discussed for combining visual and destructive sampling methods in order to achieve a more accurate representation of a given fish community

A factorial design for optimization of the analytical variables on the development of a genoassay for the transgenic soybean detection

At the laboratory, analytical method optimizations are performed to achieve the maximum sensitivity and selectivity. Routinely, this procedure is carried out by optimizing one-factor-at-a-time approach until there is no further improvement, where each experimental parameter is optimized separately and independently of the other factors.N/