Satisfacción en el trabajo de los directores de escuelas secundarias públicas de la región de Jacobina (Bahia - Brasil)

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaEste trabajo de investigación tuvo como finalidad principal diagnosticar las satisfacciones e insatisfacciones del trabajo de los directores y directoras de escuelas secundarias públicas de la región de Jacobina-Bahía-Brasil, con la intención de comprender las deficiencias, dificultades e «impasses» del proceso enseñanza - aprendizaje y las implicaciones para gestionarlo. Esto abrió la posibilidad de presentar «un intento de propuesta de intervención» a través de una práctica educativa de autoformación que permitiera proporcionar satisfacción en el trabajo tanto en los gestores y gestoras de las escuelas públicas secundarias, como en la totalidad del colectivo implicado en este proceso. El marco teórico se inicia con la delimitación del problema de la investigación «Los desafíos del trabajo de director de la escuela secundaria pública frente a los cambios de paradigmas proporcionados por la Sociedad de la información y del conocimiento». La definición del concepto de Satisfacción en el trabajo incluye dos dimensiones: 1- Las componentes cognitivas, afectivas y de comportamientos en la actitud de cada persona con relación a la satisfacción en el trabajo; 2- Las particularidades, especificidades, características y situaciones del trabajo en proporcionar experiencias subjetivas de satisfacción en el trabajo. En la secuencia de nuestro referencial teórico buscamos las variables y medidas de satisfacción en el trabajo, para poder elegir nuestros instrumentos de medición y hacer la construcción del modelo de análisis de entendimiento de la «Satisfacción en el trabajo de los directores de las escuelas secundarias públicas de la región de Jacobina-Bahía-Brasil». En la metodología de esta investigación aparecen los objetivos; las hipótesis; las variables de estudio; el diseño de investigación, a partir de un enfoque descriptivo y analítico, con un abordaje cualitativo y cuantitativo; la traducción y validación de los instrumentos de exploración para la lengua Portuguesa; el estudio piloto; los procedimientos para la recogida de información; el análisis de los datos de los cuestionarios (tests estadísticos) y de las entrevistas (análisis de contenido). La investigación se llevó a cabo en la región de Jacobina-Bahía-Brasil, con una muestra de 40 directores de escuelas secundarias públicas y 30 especialistas en gestión educacional. Los 40 directores encuestados, a través de los cuestionarios de CABALLERO (2001) y de MÉLIA y PEIRÓ (1989) demuestran un alto grado de Satisfacción en el trabajo en las dimensiones y factores que se relacionan con su cargo. Y en aquellas áreas que se escapan del control de los directores, presentan bajos porcentajes de grado de satisfacción en el trabajo. En las entrevistas, con tres preguntas abiertas, los directores y directoras presentan, por orden decreciente de importancia, las siguientes propuestas para la mejora de la satisfacción en el trabajo de gestión de la escuela pública: 1- Autonomía efectiva; 2- Compromiso y responsabilidad; 3- Formación; 4- Recursos humanos, gestión participativa y, prioridad para la gestión pedagógica; 5- Importancia de trabajar con la familia y, dedicación exclusiva para el 6- director; 6- Recursos financieros, mejorar la remuneración, menos burocracia y, mejorar las relaciones interpersonales; 7- No existir una influencia política en el acceso al cargo y, psicólogo en la escuela. No hubo diferencias significativas sobre las percepciones de la satisfacción en el trabajo entre los tres grupos de perfil de personalidad (introvertidos, introvertidos-extrovertidos, extrovertidos) de los 40 directores entrevistados. En las entrevistas con los 30 especialistas en gestión educacional aparecen los cuatro pilares -que están también presentes en las citas con los 40 directores- para la mejora de la satisfacción en el trabajo de la gestión de las escuelas secundarias públicas: 1. Gestión participativa; 2. Formación; 3. Fortalecimiento de la parte pedagógica y, 4. La Autonomía.This work of investigation had as first goal diagnose satisfactions and dissatisfactions of directors from public high schools located at Jacobina-Bahia-Brazil, with the purpose of understand imperfections, difficulties and impasses of the teaching and learning process and the implications to administrate. This investigation opened the possibility to present a way to interfere through education practice of auto development that allow work's satisfaction even to directors from public high schools, as to everybody involved in this process. The theoretical mark begins with the problem's delimitation of investigation «the challenges of the directors from public high schools in front of the paradigms' changes provided by the society of information and knowledge". The idea of definition of work's satisfaction include two dimensions: 1.The cognitive and affective' components and the behaviors of the attitude of each person in front of the satisfaction at work; 2. The own work situations to promote subjective experiences of satisfaction at work. After our theoretical mark, we investigated the variables and measures of satisfaction at work to be able to elect our instruments to measure and construct the model of analysis to understand the "satisfaction at work of directors from public high schools located at Jacobina-Bahia-Brazil." In the methodology of this investigation appear purposes; hypothesis; variables of study; the design of investigation with the focus on description and analysis, with a quality and quantity approach; the translation and legality of the instruments for the research into Portuguese; the main study; the process to collect information; the analysis by questionnaires (statistics exams) and interviews (contents analysis). The investigation was realized at Jacobina-Bahia-Brazil area, with sample of 40 directors from public high schools and 30 specialists in management education. The answers to the questionnaires of CABALLERRO (2001) and MÉLIA (1989), the directors gave evidence of high degree of satisfaction at work in dimensions and factors that bring into relation with their functions. In that areas that get out of control of the directors, present low percentage of degree of satisfaction at work. In interviews with three open questions, the directors present, by decreasing the order of importance, this proposals to improvement the satisfaction of management work of public school: 1. Effective autonomy; 2. Engagement and responsibility; 3. Development; 4. Human recourses, communicative management and priority in pedagogy's management; 5. Importance of work with the family and exclusive devotion to the director; 6. Financial recourses, improve the remuneration, less bureaucracy and improve the relations between people; 7. Don't exist politics influence to the function and psychologist in the school. There weren't expressive difference about the perceptions of satisfaction at work among the three groups of personality profile (introversive, introversive-extroversive-extroversive) of 40 directors that had been interviewing. In the interviews with 30 specialists in education management appear the four pillars-that fact appears in the interviews with the 40 directors too- to improve a satisfaction at work in the high schools management: 1. Management communicative;2. Formation; 3. Consolidation of pedagogy and; 4. Autonomy

REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DOS DOCENTES SOBRE A GESTÃO ESCOLAR DA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA

Este artículo es resultado de una investigación llevada a cabo con los maestros de escuelas públicas y escuelas privadas de la educación básica de Jacobina- Bahía-Brasil, con el objetivo de diagnosticar las representaciones sociales del profesorado sobre la gestión escolar de sus centros educativos. Se utilizó la investigación cualitativa  y en el tratamiento de los datos el análisis de contenido. Los resultados de las encuestas  indican que aún hay mucho que hacer para realmente lograr, en la vida cotidiana de los centros educativos investigados, la práctica de una gestión democrática.Este artigo é resultado de pesquisa realizada com docentes de escolas públicas e de escolas privadas, do ensino básico de Jacobina-Bahia-Brasil, com o objetivo de diagnosticar as representações sociais dos professores sobre a gestão escolar de suas respectivas escolas. Utilizou-se uma investigação qualitativa, tendo como instrumento a entrevista semiestruturada, e no tratamento dos dados empregou-se a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que há muito que fazer na gestão escolar da educação básica, para que realmente na prática ocorra uma gestão democrática

PÚBLICO E PRIVADO NA GESTÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO BRASILEIRA

We live in a new world, with new paradigms in the knowledge society, with its extraordinary dynamics, flexibility and constant change, requires the management of public organizations and private new competencies and skills to the new political, economic, social and cultural development of mankind. The notion of educational management is essential for schools to properly accompany the changes and demands of society. This article is a theoretical reflection on the understanding of the Public and the Private in the management of the Brazilian Education, verifying that the decentralization of education management is actually a transfer of state responsibilities to the Company, reducing its obligations and expenses public. Not to consolidate a true democratic project for education.Vivimos en un nuevo mundo, con nuevos paradigmas en que la sociedad del conocimiento, con su extraordinaria dinámica, flexibilidad y cambio constante, exige a la gestión de las organizaciones públicas y privadas nuevas competencias y habilidades ante el nuevo orden político, económico, social y cultural de la humanidad. La noción de gestión educativa es imprescindible para que las escuelas puedan acompañar adecuadamente los cambios y las exigencias de la sociedad. Este artículo es una reflexión teórica sobre la comprensión del público y del privado en la gestión de la educación brasileña, verificando que la descentralización de la gestión educativa en realidad es una transferencia de las responsabilidades del estado a la sociedad, reduciendo sus obligaciones y sus gastos públicos. No consolidándose así, un verdadero proyecto democrático para la educación.Vivemos um novo mundo, com novos paradigmas. Em que a Sociedade do Conhecimento, com sua extraordinária dinâmica, flexibilidade e mudança constante, exige da gestão das organizações públicas e privadas novas competências e habilidades diante da nova ordem política, econômica, social e cultural da humanidade. A noção de gestão educativa é imprescindível para que as escolas possam acompanhar adequadamente as mudanças e as exigências da sociedade. Este artigo é uma reflexão teórica sobre a compreensão do público e do privado na gestão da educação brasileira, verificando que a descentralização da gestão educativa na realidade é uma transferência das responsabilidades do estado para a sociedade, reduzindo suas obrigações e seus gastos públicos. Não se consolidando, assim, um verdadeiro projeto democrático para a educação

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.13Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt