EVALUACI 3N DE LA CALIDAD DE LA MATERIA PRIMA PARA LA ELABORACI 3N DE CONCENTRADO DE PI 1A

Los frutos destinados a la elaboraci\uf3n de concentrados requieren cumplir con las especificaciones m\uednimas para obtener un producto de calidad. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la calidad de la materia prima destinada a la elaboraci\uf3n de concentrado de pi\uf1a (Ananas comosus L. Merr). El estudio se llev\uf3 en una empresa procesadora de pi\uf1a, se evalu\uf3 la calidad f\uedsica de los frutos, determin\ue1ndose las variables masa fresca (MF), di\ue1metro ecuatorial (DE), di\ue1metro polar (DP), \uedndice de deformidad de la fruta (IDF), escala de color de la epidermis (ECE), \uedndice de presencia de gomosis (IPG), presencia de da\uf1os (PD) y en la calidad qu\uedmica, las variables s\uf3lidos solubles totales (SST) expresados en (\ub0Brix), pH, y acidez total titulable (ATT), mediante los m\ue9todos descritos por la Comisi\uf3n Venezolana de Normas Industriales (COVENIN). Se emple\uf3 un dise\uf1o completamente al azar con 3 repeticiones, los datos se analizaron en el programa estad\uedstico Statistix 8. Los resultados de la evaluaci\uf3n f\uedsica de los frutos indican variabilidad en masa fresca con valores entre 400 y 600 g, fruta inmadura (20,5%) sobre maduraci\uf3n (38,7%), incidencia de gomosis (32,2%) y malformaci\uf3n de los frutos (14,4%). En cuanto a las variables qu\uedmicas se encontraron diferencias significativas con valores cercanos a los referenciales de SST entre 10,0 y 13,0\ub0Brix, pH entre 3,2 y 3,5 y ATT entre 0,40 y 0,60 (% \ue1cido c\uedtrico). La materia prima recibida en la empresa present\uf3 diferencias de tama\uf1o, di\ue1metro por debajo de los exigidos, \uedndice de madurez inmaduro o sobremadura, pi\uf1as deformes, incidencia de gomosis y da\uf1os f\uedsicos. Palabras Clave: Ananas comosus L. Merr; caracter\uedsticas f\uedsicas; caracter\uedsticas qu\uedmicas; poscosecha. ABSTRACT The fruits destined to the elaboration of concentrates require to fulfill with the minimum specifications to obtain a product of quality. The objective of the work was to evaluate the quality of the raw material destined to the elaboration of pineapple concentrate (Ananas comosus L. Merr). The study was carried out in a pineapple processing company, the physical quality of the fruits was evaluated, determining the variables fresh mass (MF), equatorial diameter (DE), polar diameter (DP), maturity index (MI), index of Fruit deformity (IDF), epidermis color scale (ECE), gummosis presence index (IPG), presence of damage (PD) and in chemical quality, the total soluble total solids (TSS) expressed in ( \ub0Brix), pH, and total titratable acidity (ATT), by the methods described by the Venezuelan Commission of Industrial Standards (COVENIN). A completely randomized design with 3 replications was used, the data were analyzed in the statistical program Statistix 8. The results of the physical evaluation of the fruits indicate variability in fresh mass with values between 400 and 600 g, immature fruit (20.5 %) on maturation (38.7%), incidence of gummosis (32.2%) and fruit malformation (14.4%). Regarding the chemical variables, significant differences were found with values close to the reference values of SST between 10.0 and 13.0 \ub0 Brix, pH between 3.2 and 3.5 and ATT between 0.40 and 0.60 (% citric acid). The raw material received in the company presented differences in size, diameter below those required, rate of immature maturity or overgrowth, deformed pineapples, incidence of gummosis and physical damage. Keywords: Ananas comosus L. Merr; physical characteristics; chemical characteristics; post-harvest. <br

Efeito da aplicação de condicionadores do solo na biodisponibilidade de metais pesados

Um dos grandes desafios da sociedade atual é encontrar forma adequada de dar destino aos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), pois os novos hábitos de vida implicam uma maior variabilidade e quantidade de resíduos. A fração de RSU com maior representatividade em Portugal é a orgânica, que possui um alto potencial de reaproveitamento, nomeadamente através da compostagem, que pode ser posteriormente usada como fertilizante do solo. Os metais pesados presentes em diversos materiais de uso cotidiano podem reduzir a qualidade final do produto da compostagem, o composto. Apesar dos inúmeros benefícios para o solo, a composição prévia deste tipo de fertilizante deve ser conhecida para que não sejam incorporados no solo compostos nocivos à saúde dos seres vivos e ao meio ambiente. Uma das alternativas para minimizar a presença de metais pesados no solo incorporados com o composto é a utilização de condicionadores do solo que, por meio de suas propriedades relacionadas a elevada carga elétrica, têm características de imobilização destes cátions. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a contribuição da aplicação de condicionadores no solo (biochar e zeólitos) na diminuição da biodisponibilidade de metais pesados provenientes de RSU compostados e aplicados ao solo, usando como planta indicadora da disponibilidade de metais no solo a alface (Lactuca sativa L.). Para isso, foram instalados dois ensaios. O Ensaio 1, instalado em outubro de 2017, no qual foi usado um RSU compostado na região como fonte de metais. Os tratamentos foram: Solo (S); Solo + Nutrientes (S-N); Solo + Nutrientes + Biochar (S-N-B); Solo + Nutrientes + Zeólitos (S-N-Z); Solo + Nutrientes + Biochar + Zeólitos (S-N-BZ); Solo + Nutrientes + RSU (S-N-RSU); Solo + Nutrientes + RSU + Biochar (S-N-RSU-B); Solo + Nutrientes + RSU + Zeólitos (S-N-RSU-Z); Solo + Nutrientes + RSU + Biochar + Zeólitos (S-N-RSU-BZ). Os produtos foram aplicados no início do ensaio e foram produzidos 2 ciclos de alface (um de outubro a dezembro de 2017, outro de março a maio de 2018). O ensaio 2 foi instalado em março de 2018 tendo sido usada uma solução de metais pesados num experimento com os tratamentos: Solo (S); Solo + Nutrientes (S-N); Solo + Nutrientes + Metais Pesados (S-N-MP); Solo + Nutrientes + Metais Pesados + Biochar (S-N-MP-B); Solo + Nutrientes + Metais Pesados + Zeólitos (S-N-MP-Z); Solo + Nutrientes + Metais Pesados + Biochar + Zeólitos (S-N-MP-BZ). Foi avaliada a produção de biomassa, a composição mineral e a concentração de metais pesados nas alfaces de ambos os ensaios. Nas raízes foram efetuadas as mesmas determinações, mas apenas nas do segundo ciclo do Ensaio 1 e nas do Ensaio 2. O solo foi analisado após a colheita das alfaces para as suas principais características. A aplicação isolada de nutrientes originou a maior produção nos dois ensaios. No que diz respeito à composição mineral das alfaces, no Ensaio 1 os resultados foram dominados pelo efeito da aplicação de RSU. Este composto contribuiu para o aumento da concentração em nitrogênio, potássio, zinco e crômio nos tecidos vegetais. A sua presença não permitiu visualizar com clareza o efeito do biochar e dos zeólitos. No ensaio 2, de um modo geral, a maior concentração de cobre, ferro, manganês, níquel e crômio esteve associada à presença de zeólitos. Os zeólitos disponibilizaram maior quantidade de metais para a solução do solo, ficando disponíveis para absorção pelas plantas. Nas raízes das alfaces do ensaio 2, a aplicação de zeólitos aumentou a concentração de potássio e cádmio. O biochar esteve associado a maiores concentrações de cálcio, níquel, chumbo e crômio. No solo do Ensaio 1 verificaram-se aumentos no teor em matéria orgânica, fósforo, boro, cobre, ferro, zinco e manganês, aumentos estes mais relacionados com o RSU aplicado do que com a aplicação de biochar e zeólitos. A eficiência de cada um na imobilização de metais pesados parece estar dependente do tipo de metal. O biochar apresentou maior capacidade de imobilização de chumbo e crômio, uma vez que os zeólitos contribuíram para o aumento de níquel. No solo do Ensaio 2 foi clara a influência do biochar no aumento do teor de matéria orgânica do solo e o potássio aumentou nos vasos com zeólitos, sendo estes uma fonte suplementar deste elemento. A estrutura do biochar e dos zeólitos contribuiu para um aumento da capacidade de troca catiônica do solo quando aplicados em conjunto. Os condicionadores biochar e zeólitos contribuíram para a diminuição de nutrientes na solução do solo. Na presença de zeólitos os teores de níquel e cádmio foram maiores no solo. Em contrapartida, o biochar potencializou a maior disponibilidade de crômio. Assim, a ação dos condicionadores variou em função do tipo de metal presente.Nowadays, one of the greatest challenges of our society is to find an adequate way to allocate municipal solid waste (MSW), because current life style generates a greater variability and amount of waste. The most representative MSW fraction in Portugal is organic, which has a high potential for reuse, namely through composting, which can later be used as soil fertilizer. The heavy metals present in various materials of daily use can reduce the final quality of the composted material. Although of the numerous benefits to the soil, the composition of this type of fertilizer must be known in order to prevent the incorporation of compounds harmful to the health of living beings and to the environment. One of the alternatives to minimize the effect in the soil of the heavy metals incorporated with the compost is the use of soil conditioners, which, through their properties related to high electric charge, have the ability to immobilize these cations. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of the application of soil conditioners (biochar and zeolites) in the reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil after the incorporation of a composted MSW, by using lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as an indicator of soil metals availability. For this, two pot experiments were carried out. Test 1, installed in October 2017, in which the source of heavy metals was a composted MSW of the region. The treatments were: Soil (S); Soil + Nutrients (S-N); Soil + Nutrients + Biochar (S-N-B); Soil + Nutrients + Zeolites (S-N-Z); Soil + Nutrients + Biochar + Zeolites (S-N-BZ); Soil + Nutrients + MSW (S-N-MSW); Soil + Nutrients + MSW + Biochar (S-N-MSW-B); Soil + Nutrients + RSU + Zeolites (S-N-MSW-Z); Soil + Nutrients + MSW + Biochar + Zeolites (S-N-MSW-BZ). The products were applied at the beginning of the trial, which consisted on two lettuce growing cycles (one from October to December 2017, the other from March to May 2018). Test 2 was installed in March 2018 by using a solution of heavy metals instead of MSW. The treatments were: Soil (S); + Soil Nutrient (S-N); Soil + Nutrients + Heavy Metals (S-N-MP); Soil + Nutrients + Heavy Metals + Biochar (S-N-MP-B); Soil + Nutrients + Heavy Metals + Zeolites (S-N-MP-Z); Soil + Nutrients + Heavy Metals + Biochar + Zeolites (S-N-MP-BZ). The biomass production, the mineral composition and the concentration of heavy metals in lettuce tissues were evaluated in both tests. Lettuce roots were also analysed in the second growing cycle of Test 1 and in Test 2. The soil was analyzed for several properties after lettuce harvest. The application of mineral nutrients without soil conditioners resulted in the highest dry matter yield in both trials. Regarding the mineral composition of lettuces, in the Test 1 the results were domonined by the efect of MSW. The composted MSW increased the concentration of nitrogen, potassium, zinc and chromium in plant tissues. MSW obscured the effect of biochar and zeolites. In the test 2, the higher concentrations of copper, iron, manganese, nickel and chromium in soils and plant tissues were associated with the presence of zeolites. Zeolites increased the availability of metals in the soil solution, being available to be taken up by the plants. The application of zeolites increased the concentration of potassium and cadmium in the roots of lettuce of Test 2. Biochar was associated with higher concentrations of calcium, nickel, lead and chromium in lettuce roots. MSW application in Test 1 increased the soil levels of organic matter, phosphorus, boron, copper, iron, zinc and manganese. The efficiency of biochar and zeolites in the immobilization of heavy metals seems to be dependent on the type of metal. The biochar showed greater capacity of immobilization of lead and chromium, once the zeolite contributing to the increase of nickel. In the soil of Test 2, it was clear the influence of biochar on the increase of soil organic matter. Potassium increased in the pots treated with zeolites, since potassium is present in the composition of zeolites in high amounts. The structure of the biochar and zeolites contributed to an increase in the cation exchange capacity of the soil when applied together. The biochar and zeolite contributed to the decrease of nutrients in the soil solution. In the presence of zeolites, the levels of nickel and cadmium were higher in the soil. In contrast, biochar enhanced the availability of chromium. Therefore, the action of the conditioners varied according to the type of metal present

“Coronavirus changed the rules on everything”: Parent perspectives on how the COVID‐19 pandemic influenced family routines, relationships and technology use in families with infants

This study explores how the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic influenced family routines, relationships and technology use (smartphones and tablet computers) among families with infants. Infancy is known to be an important period for attachment security and future child development, and a time of being susceptible to changes within and outside of the family unit. A qualitative design using convenience sampling was employed. A total of 30 mothers in Perth, Western Australia participated in semi‐structured interviews by audio or video call. All mothers were parents of infants aged 9 to 15 months old. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed, and data were analysed using thematic analysis to code and identify themes in an inductive manner. Families described staying home and stopping all external activities. Three themes relating to family interactions and wellbeing were found: enhanced family relationships; prompted reflection on family schedules; and increased parental stress. Two themes related to family device use were found: enabled connections to be maintained; and source of disrupted interactions within the family unit. Overall, participants described more advantages than downsides of device use during COVID‐19. Findings will be of value in providing useful information for families, health professionals and government advisors for use during future pandemic‐related restrictions

“It helps and it doesn’t help”: Maternal perspectives on how the use of smartphones and tablet computers influences parent-infant attachment

As families increase their use of mobile touch screen devices (smartphones and tablet computers), there is potential for this use to influence parent-child interactions required to form a secure attachment during infancy, and thus future child developmental outcomes. Thirty families of infants (aged 9–15 months) were interviewed to explore how parents and infants use these devices, and how device use influenced parents’ thoughts, feelings and behaviours towards their infant and other family interactions. Two-thirds of infants were routinely involved in family video calls and one-third used devices for other purposes. Parent and/or child device use served to both enhance connection and increase distraction between parents and infants and between other family members. Mechanisms for these influences are discussed. The findings highlight a new opportunity for how hardware and software should be designed and used to maximise benefits and reduce detriments of device use to optimise parent-infant attachment and child development. Practitioner Summary: Many families with infants regularly use smartphones and tablet computers. This qualitative study found that how devices were used either enhanced or disrupted feelings of parent-infant attachment. Practitioners should be aware of the potential beneficial and detrimental impacts of device use among families given implications for attachment and future child development

(In)Visibilidade trans: discursos on-line e posicionamentos emergentes

O termo trans abrange todos os indivíduos cuja identidade de género difere do sexo atribuído à nascença. Apesar dos progressos na visibilidade, aceitação e saúde mental das minorias sexuais e de género, estas ainda enfrentam desafios preocupantes que prejudicam seu bem-estar devido à discriminação constante. A salientar que, na contemporaneidade, esses desafios se expandiram para o ciberespaço. Assim, o presente estudo, de natureza qualitativa, discute a relação entre as potencialidades da comunicação mediada pela internet e a construção colaborativa de produções discursivas em torno da notícia sobre as comemorações a realizar pelo Dia Internacional da Invisibilidade trans em Portugal. Foram analisados 130 comentários do Facebook. Os discursos dos utilizadores organizaram-se segundo a análise temática, tendo sido identificados três temas: i) juízo moral no ciberespaço; ii) patologização da transexualidade e iii) imagens sociais, perceções e construções preconceituosas. Os resultados apurados sugerem a frequente emergência de construções discursivas (co)produzidas no ciberespaço, que refletem sentimentos negativos como medo, aversão, e rejeição contra pessoas trans. Tal contribui para a perpetuação da estigmatização e discriminação desta população. Os resultados apurados reforçam a necessidade de uma abordagem coletiva e proativa para lidar construtivamente com os desafios enfrentados pela comunidade trans.The term trans encompasses all individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth. Despite progress in visibility, acceptance, and mental health within sexual and gender minorities, these groups still face concerning challenges that compromise their wellbeing due to constant discrimination. It is worth noting that in contemporary times, these challenges have extended to cyberspace. Thus, this qualitative study discusses the relationship between the potential of internet-mediated communication and the collaborative construction of discursive productions around the news about the commemorations of the International Day of Trans Invisibility in Portugal. A total of 130 Facebook comments were analyzed. The discourses of the users were organized according to thematic analysis, and three themes were identified: i) moral judgment in cyberspace; ii) pathologization of trans identities; and iii) social images, perceptions, and prejudiced constructs. The research suggests the frequent emergence of discursive constructions (co)produced in cyberspace, reflecting negative feelings such as fear, aversion, and rejection towards trans people. This contributes to the perpetuation of stigmatization and discrimination. Therefore, the results emphasize the need for a collective and proactive approach to address the challenges faced by the trans community

Time-out for well-being: A mixed methods evaluation of attitudes and likelihood to engage in different types of online emotional well-being programmes in the perinatal period

Background: Positive maternal mental health during the perinatal period contributes to general well-being and positive emotional bonds with the child, encouraging an optimal developmental trajectory. Online interventions to enhance maternal well-being and develop coping skills, such as meditation-based interventions, can be a low-cost way to improve mother and child outcomes. However, this depends on end-user engagement. To date, there is limited evidence about women’s willingness to engage and preferences for online programmes. Objectives: This study explored pregnant women’s attitudes towards and likelihood to undertake minimal online well-being training programmes (mindfulness, self-compassion, or general relaxation), engagement barriers and enablers, and programme structure preferences. Design: A mixed methods triangulation design was undertaken using a validating quantitative model. Quantile regressions were applied to the quantitative data. Content analysis was undertaken for the qualitative data. Methods: Consenting pregnant women (n = 151) were randomized equally to read about three online programme types. Participants were sent an information leaflet, tested by a consumer panel prior to distribution. Results: Participants generally held positive attitudes about all three types of interventions, with no statistically significant differences in preferences between programme types. Participants appreciated the importance of mental health and were receptive to fostering skills to support their emotional well-being and stress management. The most frequent perceived barriers were lack of time, tiredness, and forgetfulness. Programme structure preferences indicated one to two modules per week, less than 15 min in duration, and over 4 weeks. Programme functionality, such as regular reminders and easy accessibility, is important to end users. Conclusion: Our findings reinforce the importance of determining participant preferences in designing and communicating engaging interventions for perinatal women. This research contributes to the understanding of population-based interventions that can be provided as simple, scalable, cost-effective, and home-based activities in pregnancy for the benefit of individuals, their families, and society more broadly

Perinatal women\u27s perspectives of, and engagement in, digital emotional well-being training: Mixed methods study

BACKGROUND: Psychological distress in the early postpartum period can have long-lasting deleterious effects on a mother\u27s well-being and negatively affect her infant\u27s development. Intervention approaches based in contemplative practices such as mindfulness and loving-kindness and compassion are intended to alleviate distress and cultivate well-being and can be delivered effectively as digital mental health interventions (DMHIs). OBJECTIVE: To understand the feasibility of engaging perinatal women in digital interventions, this study aimed to document participants\u27 experiences in the Mums Minds Matter (MMM) study, a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing mindfulness, loving-kindness and compassion, and progressive muscle relaxation training delivered in a digital format and undertaken during pregnancy. To assess the different stages of engagement during and after the intervention, we adapted the connect, attend, participate, enact (CAPE) framework that is based on the idea that individuals go through different stages of engagement before they are able to enact change. METHODS: The MMM study was nested within a longitudinal birth cohort, The ORIGINS Project. We aimed to recruit 25 participants per randomization arm. Data were collected sequentially during the intervention through regular web-based surveys over 8 weeks, with opportunities to provide regular feedback. In the postintervention phase, qualitative data were collected through purposive sampling. RESULTS: Of 310 eligible women, 84 (27.1% [connect rate]) enrolled to participate in MMM. Of the remaining 226 women who did not proceed to randomization, 223 (98.7%) failed to complete the baseline surveys and timed out of eligibility (after 30 weeks\u27 gestation), and 3 (1.3%) displayed high psychological distress scores. Across all program groups, 17 (20% [attend rate]) of the 84 participants actively opted out, although more may have disengaged from the intervention but did not withdraw. The main reasons for withdrawal were busy life and other priorities. In this study, we assessed active engagement and ongoing skills use (participate and enact) through postintervention interviews. We undertook 15 participant interviews, conducted 1 month to 3 months after the intervention. Our results provide insights into participant barriers and enablers as well as app changes, such as the ability to choose topics, daily reminders, case studies, and diversity in sounds. Implementing a DMHI that is brief, includes frequent prompts or nudges, and is easily accessible is a key strategy to target perinatal women. CONCLUSIONS: Our research will enable future app designs that are sufficiently nuanced to maximize the uptake, engagement, and application of mental health skills and contemplative practices in the perinatal period. Providing convenient access to engaging and effective prevention programs is critical and should be part of prenatal self-care. Our research underscores the appeal and feasibility of digital intervention approaches based in contemplative practices for perinatal women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) 12620000672954p; https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12620000672954p. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/19803

The ORIGINS project biobank: A collaborative bio resource for investigating the developmental origins of health and disease

Early onset Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including obesity, allergies, and mental ill-health in childhood, present a serious and increasing threat to lifelong health and longevity. The ORGINS Project (ORIGINS) addresses the urgent need for multidisciplinary efforts to understand the detrimental multisystem impacts of modern environments using well-curated large-scale longitudinal biological sample collections. ORGINS is a prospective community birth cohort aiming to enrol 10,000 pregnant people and follow each family until the children reach 5 years of age. A key objective is to generate a comprehensive biorepository on a sub-group of 4000 families invited to contribute blood, saliva, buccal cells, urine, stool, hair, house dust, cord blood, placenta, amniotic fluid, meconium, breastmilk, and colostrum over eight timepoints spanning the antenatal period and early childhood. Uniquely, ORIGINS includes a series of nested sub-projects, including interventions and clinical trials addressing different aspects of health. While this adds complexity as the project expands, it provides the opportunity for comparative studies. This research design promotes a multidisciplinary, multisystem approach to biological sample collection, analysis, and data sharing to ensure more integrated perspectives and solutions. This paper details the evolving protocol of our collaborative biobanking concept. Further, we outline our future visions for local, national, and ultimately international, comparative, and collaborative opportunities to advance our understanding of early onset NCDs and the opportunities to improve health outcomes for future generations

Implementation of a penicillin allergy skin test

O teste cutâneo para alergia imediata a penicilina é o único teste validado internacionalmente, sendo que sua grande utilidade reside na avaliação de pacientes com história positiva de alergia a penicilina. O teste positivo para determinantes principais e secundários da penicilina apresenta um valor preditivo positivo de 50% e valor preditivo negativo de 99%. Em nosso meio, o Ministério de Saúde disponibiliza um protocolo para o preparo dos reagentes, uma vez que os mesmos não estão disponíveis comercialmente. Como o referido protocolo não apresenta maiores detalhes sobre o cuidado relativo às etapas de preparo das soluções, bem como faltam algumas considerações no que tange a realização do teste, propusemo-nos no presente trabalho operacionalizar o teste, avaliando de forma crítica e minuciosa cada etapa, de forma que outros profissionais possam reproduzi-lo de maneira mais segura e eficaz.The penicillin allergy skin testing is the only accurate and reliable test for penicillin hypersensitivity mediated by IgE. It is useful for identifying patients with doubtful history of allergy. Positive test for major and minor determinants presents a positive predictive value of 50% and negative predictive value of 99%. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health suggests a protocol for in house made reagents, since they are not commercially available. As the referred protocol does not mention some important details about the test procedures, we propose in the present work to implement them, critically evaluating each step in order to allow the protocol establishment at any health service, with quality and safety

Estrategias desinformativas sobre migración en Chile: encuadre de noticias falsas respecto a la movilidad humana

El objetivo es analizar la representación de la población migrante en desinformaciones identificadas por 14 plataformas de fact-checking chilenas, entre 2018 y 2022. La muestra se caracteriza según fechas, fuentes, medios, estrategias, frames y ejes discursivos, a través de un análisis de contenido, encuadre y discurso en 93 casos. Los resultados muestran que existe contenido engañoso (42%) y fabricado (39%), con encuadre de derechos (33%) y seguridad (28%), junto a ejes discursivos como “invasores” (34%), “delincuentes” (25%) e “ilegales” (23%). Asimismo, se constata que circulan en redes sociales (66%) y medios nacionales (27%), aumentado en periodos electorales y siendo emitidas por supuestos testigos (31%), partidos políticos (20%), Gobierno e instituciones (18%). Esta investigación revela la confluencia de actores y discursos en la desinformación sobre migración en Chile, advirtiendo que podría tratarse de una estrategia generalizada de desincentivo a la movilidad humana que utiliza la falsedad como recurso