The low-energy extension of the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Der Nachweis des Energiespektrums der kosmischen Strahlung mit Oberflächendetektoren erstreckt sich über sechs Größenordnungen der Energie, von $10^{15}$~eV bis zu mehr als $10^{20}$~eV. Es folgt einem Potenzgesetz mit einem Spektralindex $\gamma \simeq 3$ und weist fünf Merkmale auf, die durch kleine Abweichungen im Spektralindex gekennzeichnet sind: das Knie, das zweite Knie oder Eisenknie, der Knöchel, der ``Instep\u27\u27 und eine Unterdrückung bei den höchsten Energien. Insbesondere das zweite Knie wurde bei $\sim10^{17}$~eV von mehreren Observatorien als Versteilerung des Spektrums beobachtet. Seine Deutung könnte mit der maximalen Energie der Beschleunigungsorte in der Galaxie zusammenhängen, da bei diesen Energien eine allmähliche schwerere Zusammensetzung beobachtet wurde, die den sogenannten Peters-Zyklen entspricht. Die astrophysikalische Interpretation der gewonnenen Daten ist immer noch heikel, vor allem weil die Art der Quellen, die Ausbreitungseffekte und die Zusammensetzung der kosmischen Strahlung stark miteinander verwoben sind. Ein genaueres Verständnis des Ursprungs des zweiten Knies könnte möglich sein, wenn ein Observatorium in der Lage ist, alle spektralen Merkmale und die Massenzusammensetzung der kosmischen Strahlung mit einer gemeinsamen Energieskala zu messen. Das Pierre-Auger-Observatorium im Westen Argentiniens ist das weltweit größte Observatorium für kosmische Strahlung. Ursprünglich wurde es gebaut, um den kosmischen Strahlungsfluss oberhalb von $10^{18.5}$~eV zu untersuchen, doch mehrere Erweiterungen haben diese Energieschwelle gesenkt. Eine dieser Erweiterungen wird in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt. Um eine wirkliche Interpretation des zweiten Knies zu erreichen, hat das Pierre-Auger-Observatorium seinen Oberflächendetektor um eine dreieckige Anordnung von Wasser-Cherenkov-Detektoren mit einem Abstand von 433~m erweitert, um den Spektralbereich unterhalb von $10^{17}$~eV zu enthüllen. Unsere Kollaboration hat bereits erste Hinweise auf das zweite Knie aus den Daten des 750-Meter-Oberflächendetektors und aus Messungen des Cherenkov-Lichts mit dem Fluoreszenzdetektor gemeldet. Daher wird diese Erweiterung zum ersten Mal die Messung der drei Spektrumsmerkmale im höchsten Energiebereich nicht nur durch ein einziges Observatorium, sondern mit der gleichen Detektionstechnik ermöglichen. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist die Erweiterung des mit dem Oberflächendetektor des Pierre-Auger-Observatoriums gemessenen Energiespektrums bis hinunter zu Energien von $10^{16,5}$~eV. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurde eine Reihe von Analyseschritten durchgeführt. Zur Charakterisierung der Fähigkeiten des Arrays, Luftschauer aufzuspüren und zu beproben, wurden Studien mit simulierten Schauern durchgeführt, um Trigger-Effizienz-Kurven zu erhalten. Diese Kurven sind ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Definition der effektiven Exposition des Arrays und der entscheidende Schritt auf dem Weg zu einem endgültigen Energiespektrum. Der Einsatz des dichteren Arrays erforderte die Optimierung, Erweiterung und Verbesserung des Prozesses zur Ereignisrekonstruktion, der auf einer bereits im Rahmen von Offline existierenden Grundrekonstruktion basiert. Daher beinhaltet diese Arbeit eine umfassende Aktualisierung der Rekonstruktionsmethoden, die zur Abschätzung der Flugbahn und Energie eines kosmischen Strahls unter Verwendung des neuen Oberflächendetektor-Arrays. Die Aktualisierung wurde motiviert durch die Einbeziehung eines neuen Satzes von Detektoren und durch die Produktion eines völlig neuen Datensatzes. Die Standardrekonstruktion von Luftschauern basiert auf einer empirischen Beschreibung der der gesamten lateralen Verteilung von Sekundärteilchen am Boden. Für jedes Ereignis wird die die erwartete Schauergröße in einem bestimmten Abstand zum Schauerkern ein robuster Estimator für die Primärenergie. Der nominell optimale Abstand ist der Abstand zum Kern, bei dem die fehlende Kenntnis der seitlichen Verteilung der Schauer den geringsten Einfluss auf die Schätzung der Schauergröße hat, was bedeutet, dass bei diesem Referenzabstand die Verzerrung des rekonstruierten Signals minimal ist. Der seitliche Abfall des deponierten Signals mit zunehmendem Abstand zur Schauerachse in der Schauer-Ebene wird mit einer lateralen Verteilungsfunktion modelliert, deren Steigung als Funktion der Schauerbeobachtungsgrößen parametrisiert wird, insbesondere der Zenitwinkel und die Schätzung der Primärenergiemessung im optimalen Abstand. Sowohl die laterale Verteilungsfunktion, die zur Anpassung der beobachteten Signale als Funktion der Entfernung von der zentralen Achse eines Luftschauers verwendet wird, als auch der optimale Abstand hängen stark vom Abstand zwischen den Stationen ab. Daher haben wir für das 433 Meter dichte Array den Referenzabstand und den Parametersatz für ein optimiertes Anpassungsverfahren aktualisiert, wobei wir auch von dem neuen verfügbaren Datensatz profitierten. Die seitliche Verteilung ist besonders wichtig, da sie verwendet wird, um das erwartete Signal in einem festen Referenzabstand von der Achse zu finden, um die Primärenergie zu schätzen. Die stark von der Schauerneigung abhängige Energieschätzung Neigung abhängt, wird mit der Constant Intensity Cut-Methode korrigiert, um einen vom Zenitwinkel unabhängigen Energieschätzer zu erhalten. Wir haben festgestellt, dass das 433-Meter-Array, das im Mai 2019 fertiggestellt wurde, kosmische Strahlung mit voller Effizienz ab $3\times$10$^{16}$~{eV} beobachtet und damit die Energie, bei der das zweite Knie im Spektrum beobachtet wurde, in den Erfassungsbereich bringt. Infolge der erhöhten Empfindlichkeit für Schauer niedrigerer Energie war es möglich, den kosmischen Strahlungsfluss bis hinunter zu Energien zu messen, die eine halbe Größenordnung niedriger sind als dies zuvor mit dem Oberflächenarray möglich war. Wir haben ein Energiespektrum der kosmischen Strahlung mit Hilfe des 433 Meter langen Oberflächendetektor-Arrays des Pierre-Auger-Observatoriums erstellt. Das dargestellte Spektrum zeigt einen Knick um $\sim 10^{17}$~{eV}, wo der Spektralindex des ansonsten monotonen Potenzspektrums seinen Wert ändert, was das Vorhandensein des zweiten Kniespektrums bestätigt. Dieses Merkmal ist wichtig als Signatur für die Änderung des Ursprungs und/oder der Arten der ankommenden kosmischen Strahlung. Wir haben das resultierende Energiespektrum mit den Ergebnissen anderer Experimente verglichen. Die hier vorgelegte Studie legt den Grundstein für zukünftige Messungen im Energiebereich bis hinunter zu $10^{16}$~eV mit einem Oberflächendetektor und erweitert damit den wissenschaftlichen Output des Auger Observatoriums

Organizacija i izvođenje kolegija Praksa u nastavi japanskog jezika i kulture

Considering the global increase in the number of Japanese language learners, the need to establish educational institutions (primary, secondary, higher education, non-school education) for Japanese language learning also arose in Croatia and, subsequently, the necessity to foster a new generation of qualified teachers with sufficient theoretical and practical background in teaching Japanese as a foreign language. The purpose of this paper is to examine and describe the process of implementing the graduate course Practice Teaching of the Japanese Language and Culture, along with its challenges such as online classes due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The paper discusses the role of teachers as facilitators, the role of students as trainees and the role of learners, i.e. the participants of an intensive two-week Japanese language course, which is part of the abovementioned graduate course. Furthermore, the paper discusses the learner survey and the trainee self-evaluation report with respect to the improvement of their knowledge.Globalni trend sve većeg rasta broja učenika japanskog jezika ukazao je i na pojavu potrebe u Hrvatskoj za osnivanjem obrazovnih ustanova (osnovno, srednje i visoko obrazovanje; neformalno obrazovanje) za učenje japanskog jezika, a posljedično i obrazovanjem i stvaranjem nove generacije kvalificiranih mladih učitelja, s adekvatnom teorijskom i praktičnom pozadinom i znanjem japanske didaktike i pedagogije. Cilj ovog rada je analizirati i opisati organizaciju i izvođenje kolegija Praksa u nastavi japanskog jezika i kulture na prvoj godini diplomskog studija Japanologije, osvrćući se i na izazove i ograničenja koja su proizašla zbog situacije s pandemijom bolesti Covid-19 i online izvođenja nastave. Nadalje, rad će također raspraviti i ulogu nastavnika kao moderatora/facilitatora, studenata kao praktikanta i polaznika kao učenika na intenzivnom dvotjednom online tečaju za građane, koji je dio gore spomenutog diplomskog kolegija. Na kraju, rad će se, na temelju rezultata i odgovara dobivenih iz ankete provedene na polaznicima tečaja (učenici), zatim saznanja iz izvješća samoevaluacije studenata (praktikanata) o obavljenoj praksi te evaluacije nastavnika, osvrnuti na poboljšanje znanja i vještina praktikanata na praksi

The influence of Japanese visual arts and cultural tradition on Takashi Murakami’s artistic expression

Suvremeni umjetnik Takashi Murakami devedesetih godina prošloga stoljeća se dokazao kao jedan od najprovokativnijih i najutjecajnijih japanskih umjetnika svojega vremena. Kult njegove osobnosti je već odavno prerastao granice domovine. U umjetničkome svijetu poznat kao inovator suvremene japanske umjetnosti, uspjelo mu je promijeniti način poimanja umjetnosti unutar granica vlastite države i pozicionirati estetiku i senzibilitet japanske umjetnosti na svjetski umjetnički trg kao odgovor na postojeće uvjete i težnje postmodernoga doba. To novo je umjetničko načelo nazvao superflat. Murakami je predstavio superflat kao spoj visoke umjetnosti i pop-kulture, no istovremeno i kao istraživanje kulturno i društveno definiranih interpretacija umjetnosti u Japanu koje je potrebno nanovo vrednovati i definirati. Njegova su djela bogati amalgam simbola i značenja, koja nam daju duboki uvid u šarolikost tradicionalne i moderne japanske povijesti umjetnosti i kulture. Kratko ću predstaviti život i ključna djela Takashija Murakamija i njegov umjetnički pravac superflat. Cilj je ovoga rada pokazati i utvrditi opseg i značaj utjecaja Murakamijevih likovnih predaka na razvoj njegova umjetničkoga identiteta i izraza. Predstavit ću stilske karakteristike pojedinih likovnih škola i umjetnika iz različitih razdoblja japanske povijesti. Te iste oblikovne karakteristike ću usporedbom pojedinih djela potražiti u Murakamijevu opusu i umjetnosti superflata.In the 1990s contemporary artist Takashi Murakami asserted himself as one of the most challenging and influential Japanese artists of his time. His artistic persona has gained a massive popularity and following outside of his homeland. Known as an innovator of contemporary Japanese art, he has succeeded in changing the definition and meaning of art in Japan. Furthermore, he has placed the aesthetics and sensibility of Japanese art in the global art market as a response to the current conditions and tendencies of the postmodern age. He has named this new artistic condition/ movement Superflat. Murakami presented Superflat as a combination of high art and pop culture; as a research of culturally and socially defined interpretations of art in Japan that need to be reevaluated and redefined. His works are a rich amalgam of symbols and meanings which provide us with a deep insight into traditional and modern Japanese art history and culture. In the following paper I will first briefly present the life of Takashi Murakami and his key artworks. I will then elaborate on the stylistic characteristics of certain art schools, movements and artists from different periods of Japanese history. Furthermore, I will trace and analyze these same formal artistic characteristics by contrasting and comparing Murakami’s artwork with the artwork of his predecessors. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate and determine the scope and importance of the influence that Murakami’s artistic predecessors have had on the development of his artistic identity and expression

AN ANALYSIS OF SPONTANEOUS ENGLISH CONVERSATIONS AMONG SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS OF THE ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF SAN PEDRO UNIVERSITY IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2017/2018

The aims of this study are describing the topics conversed by the second semester students of the English education department of San Pedro University; analyzing what are students’ conversations for; analyzing how students converse with their friends; and analyzing what are students’ strengths and weaknesses in English conversations. To reach these objectives, this research was designed in a descriptive qualitative study. All the data were obtained through observation, documentation (recordings), and interview. The data was collected and analyzed through descriptive approach. And after analyzing the data on the basis of research questions dealing with English conversations among the students, the researcher finds that there are different topics that conversed by the students, and all those topics are very contextual with the real life of students; or in other words, the topics present what students’ lives are. The students did English conversations in order to develop their ability to speak English confidently and pronounce English words correctly; encourage them to use appropriate grammar and vocabulary in English speaking; help them to produce and organize their ideas logically; and develop their communication competence such as oral presentation and story-telling. There are several findings deal with how do students converse with their friends: they do their conversations with big motivation; they begin their conversations with good starting point; they present good turn taking in their conversations; they present good cultural act in their conversations; they conduct their conversations with low accuracy; they conduct their conversations with low fluency; they present cohesion and coherence in their conversations; and they end their conversations with good closing point. And in conducting English conversations, there are strengths and weaknesses. The strengths found in students’ conversations are: students have big motivation in doing English conversations, using very simple vocabularies in their conversations; conversations run spontaneously and naturally; more reactive or responsive in doing conversations; creating good use of conjunctions and determiners; and giving good extended answers to the questions appeared in conversations. While the weaknesses found in students’ conversations are: students are still poor in vocabulary, still weak in using proper grammar, pronunciations and intonations are not so good affected by local language so much. &nbsp

THE EMERGENCE OF ARTISTIC INSTITUTIONS AND ARTISTIC TERMINOLOGY IN JAPAN DURING THE MEIJI PERIOD

Između razdoblja Edo (1600. – 1868.) i Meiji (1868. – 1912.) dogodile su se brojne promjene u svijetu umjetnosti koje su utjecale na temelje osnovnih društvenih i političkih struktura u Japanu. Rad daje jezgrovit i sadržajan pregled nastanka umjetničkih institucija i relevantne umjetničke terminologije u Japanu u prijelomnom razdoblju japanske povijesti, tj. u vrijeme razdoblja Meiji, s posebnim naglaskom na lijepoj umjetnosti, tj. konceptu bijutsu. Cilj je rada prikazati i analizirati mehanizme utjecaja kulturnih, političkih, društvenih i ekonomskih okolnosti razdoblja Meiji na donošenje i provođenje vladinih mjera očuvanja umjetnosti i starina, na osnivanje raznih umjetničkih udruženja i institucija umjetničkoga obrazovanja. Razjašnjeno je kako i zašto je nastala potreba za novom kategorizacijom na polju umjetnosti i uvođenjem pojma bijutsu (naspram prijašnjega termina geijutsu) u datom povijesnom i društvenom kontekstu. Nadalje, utvrđeno je da su teškoće s prijenosom (zapadnjačkoga) koncepta umjetnosti u Japan, uključujući klasifikaciju, likovno-umjetničko obrazovanje i izlaganje umjetničkih predmeta, gdje prethodno nije postojao europski postromantični koncept individualne subjektivnosti i izvorne ekspresivnosti, rezultirale pojavom različitih rasprava o autentičnosti izraza i samoga identiteta japanske umjetnosti, koje su aktualne i danas, te kao takve, vrijedna tema daljnjega istraživanja.In the periods of Edo (1600–1868) and Meiji (1868–1912), numerous changes took place in the art world that affected the foundations of basic social and political structures in Japan. The present paper provides a concise overview of the emergence of art institutions and relevant terminology in Japan at the turning point of Japanese history, i.e., during the Meiji period, with special emphasis on fine arts, especially the concept of bijutsu. The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the influence of cultural, political, social and economic conditions of the Meiji period on the adoption and implementation of government measures to preserve the objects of fine art and antiquities and the establishment of various art associations and educational institutions related to art. The paper offers clarification of the background to a new categorization in the field of art, and, specifically, how the term bijutsu, as opposed to geijutsu, was introduced considering the historical and social circumstances. Furthermore, it was established that the difficulties with the Western concept of art, including its classification, art education and the exhibition of art objects, resulted in various debates about its authenticity of expression and the very identity of Japanese art, since Japan originally did not have European postromantic concept of individual subjectivity and original expressiveness. The debates are still relevant today, representing a valuable topic for further research

Mail Archive System Model using Advantage Database Server (ADS)

Computerization process in archiving activity is completely needed and already many kinds of archiving model application. One of those models is Advantage Database Server (ADS) that support table system and data access based on SQL. This model is also flexible and easy to apply on institution infrastructure. This research aims to prove that the model can improve the productivity of an institution on archiving activity. The development method used is a prototype with user acceptance system testing. The result shows that there are average time reduction of about 50.8% on data saving, 95.1% on data searching, and 93.9% on report printing

Effects of basic traditional Chinese diet on body mass index, lean body mass, and eating and hunger behaviours in overweight or obese individuals

Abstract Objective To compare the effects of a basic traditional Chinese diet with a Western standard diet on body mass index (BMI), lean body mass (LBD), and eating and hunger behaviours. Methods A sample of 284 patients were randomized into 2 groups: group A (n = 142) followed a basic traditional Chinese diet (BCTD) and group B (n = 142) followed a Western standard diet (WSD). Both diets were set at approximately 1200 calories. The patients enrolled were compared before treatment and 6 weeks after treatment, and then follow-ups were made at 1 year and 5 years. Results In the BCTD group, BMI decreased by 0.46 kg/m2 and LBM by 0.25 kg, versus respectively 0.28 kg/m2 and 0.41 kg in the WSD group. Findings of eating self-assessment, hunger measurement and psychophysical indices of health were also in favour of the BCTD. Conclusion Outcomes show that the BCTD has a better effect on BMI and LBM, as well as over the medium/long term, and provides stronger psychophysical support to obese patients

Powerplan : The alternative software for presentations at local area network using virtualtreeview and omnithread

The need for LCD projectors is very urgent, so even though they often experience shortcomings, it is impossible to continue to make purchases when needed to repair LCD projectors that require high costs such as buying a new device. Software development from the results of this study is not only beneficial for educational institutions but also for personal or specific institutions and institutions who want to conduct seminars, presentations, or other activities that involve many audiences. The advantage is that the audience will not experience problems such as when using an LCD projector, such as limited visibility, location or space, and the viewpoint of the audience on the Projector LCD / Screen. Another contribution that can be given from this research is a model of the teaching and learning process in real-time without using an LCD and only using a PC/ Laptop connected to the same LAN. It is a development of research that supports the concept of green computing because it also reduces the use of equipment LCD projector, but the usage function remains the same even more effective and interactive even without the device. Presentation model like this is the development of new models in the learning process using LAN networks but without using the internet connection and is the cross-platform model. This research can be the answer to the need for using LCD projectors that often occur in the process of education, meetings, or seminars that continue to increase every time. Also, the lack of LCD compared to the number of teaching needs in each class and the unstable electricity conditions and the low electricity ratio in East Nusa Tenggara, have resulted in frequent blackouts suddenly, so that makes the device LCD vulnerable to damage. The test results showed an increase in RTT along with the increasing number of servers conducting presentation activities. Testing on LAN networks with the same number of clients on each test shows that there was an increase of 18% and 75% in each addition to the number of servers. The best performance of Powerplan is still shown when the number of servers that present several five, with the response time of each client connected under two seconds

PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS KELAS V SD MENGGUNAKAN MODEL KOOPERATIF TIPE THINK PAIR SHARE

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peningkatan hasil belajar dalam pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial menggunakan tipe think pair share di kelas VB Sekolah Dasar Negeri Negeri 33 Pontianak Barat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif, bentuk penelitian yaitu penelitian tindakan kelas, dan sifat penelitian adalah kolaboratif. Hasil penelitian diperoleh (1). Kinerja guru dalam merancang pembelajaran dari siklus I yaitu 3,40, siklus II yaitu 3,77, dan siklus III yaitu 3,85 (2). Kinerja guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran dari siklus I yaitu 3,44, siklus II yaitu 3,60, dan siklus III 3,71 (3). Rata-rata hasil belajar peserta didik meningkat dari siklus I sebesar 78,09 siklus II menjadi 81,90, dan siklus III yaitu 91,90. Dengan menerapkan tipe think pair share dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS di kelas VB Sekolah Dasar Negeri 33 Pontianak Barat.   Kata Kunci: Hasil Belajar, Pembelajaran IPS, Tipe Think Pair Share   Abstract: The purpose of this research is describe the learning outcome in learning to use the type of Social Sciences think -pair share in class VB State Public Elementary School 33 West Pontianak. The method used in this research is descriptive method , the form of research is classroom action research , and the nature of research is collaborative. The results were obtained ( 1 ) . The performance of teachers in designing learning from the first cycle is 3.40 , the second cycle is 3.77, and the third cycle is 3.85 ( 2 ) . The performance of teachers in implementing the learning of the first cycle is 3.44 , the second cycle is 3.60 , and the third cycle 3.71 ( 3 ) . On average the study of students increased from the first cycle of 78.09 into a 81.90 second cycle , and the cycle III, 91.90 . By applying a type of think pair share to improve learning outcomes in the classroom IPS VB State Elementary School 33 West Pontianak districts. Keywords: learning outcome, Social Learning, type of think pair shar

Avaliação visual dos padrões eletroencefalográficos de pacientes clinicamente em coma / Visual evaluation of eletroencephalographic standards of patients clinically in coma

Este estudo visa identificar padrões eletroencefalográficos com relevância prognóstica para os quadros clínicos dos pacientes, facilitando detecções precoces de complicações secundárias, previsões de morte encefálica (ME), morte clínica ou de melhora clínica. Após seleção e avaliação de 134 eletroencefalogramas (EEGs) de pacientes em coma internados na UTI do HC-UFU, foi realizada uma classificação visual de cada um dos seguintes parâmetros eletroencefalográficos em uma escala de 1 a 5: depressão da atividade de base generalizada (DABG), diferenciação anteroposterior (DAP), predominância de atividade lenta (PAL), predominância de atividade rápida (PAR), e simetria direita-esquerda (SD/E). Os grupos foram comparados utilizando testes estatísticos. Em conclusão, Os pacientes que apresentam menor diminuição da atividade de base e maior potencial de atividade lenta evoluem com melhor prognóstico (alta da UTI), enquanto o grupo que apresenta uma maior diminuição da atividade de base e menor potencial de atividade lenta evoluem com pior prognóstico (óbito)