87 research outputs found
Purification of the chloroplast-membrane dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide-binding proteolipid by ion-exchange chromatography
Observation of Vortex Coalescence, Vortex Chains and Crossing Vortices in the Anisotropic Spin-Triplet Superconductor
Scanning SQUID force microscopy is used to study magnetic flux
structures in single crystals of the layered spin triplet superconductor
SrRuO. Images of the magnetic flux configuration above the
-face of the cleaved crystal are acquired, mostly after
field-cooling the sample. For low applied magnetic fields, individual vortices
are observed, each carrying a single quantum of flux. Above 1 gauss,
coalescence of vortices is discovered. The coalescing vortices may indicate the
presence of domains of a chiral order parameter. When the applied field is
tilted from the -axis, we observe a gradual transition from vortex
domains to vortex chains. The in-plane component of the applied magnetic field
transforms the vortex domains to vortex chains by aligning them along the field
direction.This behavior and the inter-chain distance varies in qualitative
agreement with the Ginzburg Landau theory of anisotropic 3D superconductors.
The effective mass anisotropy of SrRuO, =20, is the
highest observed in three dimensional superconductors. When the applied field
is closely in plane, the vortex form flux channels confined between the
crystal-layers. Residual Abrikosov vortices are pinned preferentially on these
channels. Thus the in-plane vortices are decorated by crossing Abrikosov
vortices: two vortex orientations are apparent simultaneously, one along the
layers and the other perpendicular to the layers.Comment: to appear in Physica C M2S conference Dresde
Magnetic skyrmions and their lattices in triplet superconductors
Complete topological classification of solutions in SO(3) symmetric
Ginzburg-Landau free energy has been performed and a new class of solutions in
weak external magnetic field carrying two units of magnetic flux has been
identified. These solutions, magnetic skyrmions, do not have singular core like
Abrikosov vortices and at low magnetic field become lighter for strongly type
II superconductors. As a consequence, the lower critical magnetic field Hc1 is
reduced by a factor of log(kappa). Magnetic skyrmions repel each other as 1/r
at distances much larger then magnetic penetration depth forming relatively
robust triangular lattice. Magnetic induction near Hc1 increases gradually as
(H-Hc1)^2. This agrees very well with experiments on heavy fermion
superconductor UPt3. Newly discovered Ru based compounds Sr2RuO4 and
Sr2YRu(1-x)Cu(x)O6 are other possible candidates to possess skyrmion lattices.
Deviations from exact SO(3) symmetry are also studied.Comment: 23 pages, 10 eps figure
Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductors with short coherence length
We consider Fermions in two dimensions with an attractive interaction in the
singlet d-wave channel of arbitrary strength. By means of a
Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation a statistical Ginzburg-Landau theory is
derived, which describes the smooth crossover from a weak-coupling BCS
superconductor to a condensate of composite Bosons. Adjusting the interaction
strength to the observed slope of H_c2 at T_c in the optimally doped high-T_c
compounds YBCO and BSCCO, we determine the associated values of the
Ginzburg-Landau correlation length xi and the London penetration depth lambda.
The resulting dimensionless ratio k_F xi(0) approx 5-8 and the Ginzburg-Landau
parameter kappa=lambda xi approx 90-100 agree well with the experimentally
observed values. These parameters indicate that the optimally doped materials
are still on the weak coupling side of the crossover to a Bose regime.Comment: 12 pages, RevTeX, 6 postscript figures, resubmitted with minor
changes in section III, to appear in Physical Review
Condensed Matter Theory of Dipolar Quantum Gases
Recent experimental breakthroughs in trapping, cooling and controlling
ultracold gases of polar molecules, magnetic and Rydberg atoms have paved the
way toward the investigation of highly tunable quantum systems, where
anisotropic, long-range dipolar interactions play a prominent role at the
many-body level. In this article we review recent theoretical studies
concerning the physics of such systems. Starting from a general discussion on
interaction design techniques and microscopic Hamiltonians, we provide a
summary of recent work focused on many-body properties of dipolar systems,
including: weakly interacting Bose gases, weakly interacting Fermi gases,
multilayer systems, strongly interacting dipolar gases and dipolar gases in 1D
and quasi-1D geometries. Within each of these topics, purely dipolar effects
and connections with experimental realizations are emphasized.Comment: Review article; submitted 09/06/2011. 158 pages, 52 figures. This
document is the unedited author's version of a Submitted Work that was
subsequently accepted for publication in Chemical Reviews, copyright American
Chemical Society after peer review. To access the final edited and published
work, a link will be provided soo
Evaluation of Spin-Triplet Superconductivity in Sr2RuO4
This review presents a summary and evaluations of the superconducting
properties of the layered ruthenate Sr2RuO4 as they are known in the autumn of
2011. This paper appends the main progress that has been made since the
preceding review by Mackenzie and Maeno was published in 2003. Here, special
focus is placed on the critical evaluation of the spin-triplet, odd-parity
pairing scenario applied to Sr2RuO4. After an introduction to superconductors
with possible odd-parity pairing, accumulated evidence for the pairing symmetry
of Sr2RuO4 is examined. Then, significant recent progress on the theoretical
approaches to the superconducting pairing by Coulomb repulsion is reviewed. A
section is devoted to some experimental properties of Sr2RuO4 that seem to defy
simple explanations in terms of currently available spin-triplet scenario. The
next section deals with some new developments using eutectic boundaries and
micro-crystals, which reveals novel superconducting phenomena related to chiral
edge states, odd-frequency pairing states, and half-fluxoid states. Some of
these properties are intimately connected with the properties as a topological
superconductor. The article concludes with a summary of knowledge emerged from
the study of Sr2RuO4 that are now more widely applied to understand the physics
of other unconventional superconductors, as well as with a brief discussion of
relatively unexplored but promising areas of ongoing and future studies of
Sr2RuO4.Comment: 31 pages, 35 figures, published in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. as a review
article of Special Topic
Análise de endemismo de táxons neotropicais de Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
The definition of areas of endemism is central to studies of historical biogeography, and their interrelationships are fundamental questions. Consistent hypotheses for the evolution of Pentatomidae in the Neotropical region depend on the accuracy of the units employed in the analyses, which in the case of studies of historical biogeography, may be areas of endemism. In this study, the distribution patterns of 222 species, belonging to 14 Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) genera, predominantly neotropical, were studied with the Analysis of Endemicity (NDM) to identify possible areas of endemism and to correlate them to previously delimited areas. The search by areas of endemism was carried out using grid-cell units of 2.5° and 5° latitude-longitude. The analysis based on groupings of grid-cells of 2.5° of latitude-longitude allowed the identification of 51 areas of endemism, the consensus of these areas resulted in four clusters of grid-cells. The second analysis, with grid-cells units of 5° latitude-longitude, resulted in 109 areas of endemism. The flexible consensus employed resulted in 17 areas of endemism. The analyses were sensitive to the identification of areas of endemism in different scales in the Atlantic Forest. The Amazonian region was identified as a single area in the area of consensus, and its southeastern portion shares elements with the Chacoan and Paraná subregions. The distribution data of the taxa studied, with different units of analysis, did not allow the identification of individual areas of endemism for the Cerrado and Caatinga. The areas of endemism identified here should be seen as primary biogeographic hypotheses.A definição de áreas de endemismo é central aos estudos de Biogeografia Histórica e suas inter-relações são questões fundamentais. Hipóteses consistentes sobre a evolução de Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) na Região Neotropical dependem da acuidade das unidades empregadas nas análises, que no caso de estudos de biogeografia histórica, podem ser áreas endêmicas. Neste trabalho foram estudados os padrões de distribuição de 222 espécies, pertencentes a 14 gêneros de Pentatomidae, com ocorrência predominantemente neotropical, com base em uma Análise de Endemicidade (NDM) a fim de inferir possÃveis áreas endêmicas e relacioná-las a áreas previamente delimitadas. A busca por áreas endêmicas foi realizada com quadrÃculas de 2,5° e 5° latitude-longitude. A análise com base em agrupamentos de 2,5° latitude-longitude permitiu identificar 51 áreas de endemismo, sendo que o consenso destas áreas resultou em quatro agrupamentos de quadrÃculas. A segunda análise, com quadrÃculas de 5° latitude-longitude, resultou em 109 áreas de endemismo. O consenso flexÃvel empregado resultou em 17 áreas de endemismo. As análises foram sensÃveis à identificação de áreas de endemismo na Mata Atlântica em diferentes escalas. A região Amazônica foi identificada como uma área única no consenso, sendo que a porção sudeste compartilha elementos com as sub-regiões do Chaco e Paraná. Os dados de distribuição dos táxons estudados, com diferentes unidades de análises, não permitiram a identificação de áreas endêmicas para o Cerrado e a Caatinga. As áreas de endemismo aqui identificadas devem ser tratadas como hipóteses biogeográficas primárias.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior (CAPES)Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Laboratório de Entomologia Sistemática Departamento de ZoologiaUniversidade Federal do Paraná Departamento de Zoologia Programa de Pós-Graduação em EntomologiaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Ciências BiológicasUNIFESP, Depto. de Ciências BiológicasSciEL
Coordination in climbing: effect of skill, practice and constraints manipulation
BACKGROUND:
Climbing is a physical activity and sport involving many subdisciplines. Minimization of prolonged pauses, use of a relatively simple path through a route and smooth transitions between movements broadly define skilled coordination in climbing.
OBJECTIVES:
To provide an overview of the constraints on skilled coordination in climbing and to explore future directions in this emerging field.
METHODS:
A systematic literature review was conducted in 2014 and retrieved studies reporting perceptual and movement data during climbing tasks. To be eligible for the qualitative synthesis, studies were required to report perceptual or movement data during climbing tasks graded for difficulty.
RESULTS:
Qualitative synthesis of 42 studies was carried out, showing that skilled coordination in climbing is underpinned by superior perception of climbing opportunities; optimization of spatial-temporal features pertaining to body-to-wall coordination, the climb trajectory and hand-to-hold surface contact; and minimization of exploratory behaviour. Improvements in skilled coordination due to practice are related to task novelty and the difficulty of the climbing route relative to the individual's ability level.
CONCLUSION:
Perceptual and motor adaptations that improve skilled coordination are highly significant for improving the climbing ability level. Elite climbers exhibit advantages in detection and use of climbing opportunities when visually inspecting a route from the ground and when physically moving though a route. However, the need to provide clear guidelines on how to improve climbing skill arises from uncertainties regarding the impacts of different practice interventions on learning and transfer
Quantitative proteomics of the tobacco pollen tube secretome identifies novel pollen tube guidance proteins important for fertilization
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