Use of low-energy hydrogen ion implants in high-efficiency crystalline-silicon solar cells

The use of low-energy hydrogen implants in the fabrication of high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells was investigated. Low-energy hydrogen implants result in hydrogen-caused effects in all three regions of a solar cell: emitter, space charge region, and base. In web, Czochralski (Cz), and floating zone (Fz) material, low-energy hydrogen implants reduced surface recombination velocity. In all three, the implants passivated the space charge region recombination centers. It was established that hydrogen implants can alter the diffusion properties of ion-implanted boron in silicon, but not ion-implated arsenic

Queuing system 'Expections' their affects and non-queue state : a new stochastic approach

Most queuing models are based on organized behavior of customers served by a server or multiple servers. However, there are many instances that the queuing model does not stand by real world queue ethics. The consequences can go towards non-queue state caused by overcrowding and cultural background of the customers. This research portrays the successive outcomes that sourced non-queue state due to customer ignored behaviors as well as the unsystematic policy of a single serving system which becomes the main research problem. Such activities are termed as 'exceptions' and their disturbances in queuing system. The main objective of this research is to present 'exceptions', their affects and to resolve the non-queue state. It is important so that the waiting time distribution, behaviour of the system during 'exceptions' and queuing system can be evaluated, demonstrated and reinstated to a single server queuing state, respectively. A non-queue is a state addressed when system utilization goes beyond I 00 percent. Furthermore, this would indicate no formal queue at all as customers could be assumed at random locations. This research will explain the state of the system during 'exception' and non-queue transformation largely with the support of probability theory in time index values. Various 'exceptions' categories with constructed waiting time probability models and their results have proven that the customers large waiting do actually overcrowd the queuing system. This thesis discusses 'exceptions' affects through the Markov chain, random walk and birth-death process. The above concepts illustrate system behaviour, as 'exception' that disrupts services. In exceptional case, stochastic matrix considered two types such as actual job and 'exception' to occur during state transition. Their limitation is further simplified by random walk in convolution idea. The system parameters such as late departures, queue loss and others are affirmed in continuous-time by birth-death process. Simulation of change of discrete-event of queuing system such as service times shows, in long-run on averages service time fluctuates, utilization gets large, service finishing late and customers get increased in the system causing non-queue state. A platform of dissimilar manners used by stochastic process in non-queue transformation analysis. One of the manner employed are Markov conditional selection procedure is presented to recover queuing system through selecting and ordering random states. In other manner, random state(s) proceeds to get in order are expanded by proceeding walk and multinomial-pure death view. The interrelation of such models is grounded through the random states and distance decays by an interval. All such manners in stochastic process have likely to bring into being a queuing model after non-queue transformation. This research finds that the stochastic process has tremendous potential to model 'exception' outcomes and to restore the 'exception' eventual affects

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HEXAGON-DIAMOND SEARCH ALGORITHM FOR MOTION ESTIMATION USING MATLAB

To achieve a high compression ratio in coding video data, a method known as Motion estimation (ME) is often applied to reduce the temporal redundancy between successive frames of a video sequence. One of ME techniques,known as Block Matching Algorithm (BMA), has been widely used in various video coding standards. In recent years, many of these BMAs have been developed with similar intention of reducing the computational costs while at the same time maintaining the video signal quality. In this paper, an Algorithm called HexagonDiamond Search (HDS) is proposed for ME where the algorithm and several fast BMAs, namely Three Step Search (TSS), New Three Step Search (NTSS), Four Step Search (4SS) as well as Diamond Search (DS), are first selected to be implemented onto various type of standard test video sequence using MATLAB before their performances are compared and analyzed in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR),number of search points needed as well as their computational complexity. Simulation results demonstrate that HDS algorithm has speed up other algorithm’s computational work up to 56% while at the same time maintains close performance in terms of PSNR to others

Seksuelle forbrydelser og skyld. Kanonisk rets indflydelse på konstruktionen af det kvindelige og det mandlige i de danske landskabslove

Sexual Crimes and Guilt. The Influence of Canon Law on the Construction of the Feminine and the Masculine in Danish Medieval Provincial LawsThe article analyses the way sexual crimes were shaped and structurally defined in Danish medieval provincial laws. Whenever lawmakers defined the sort of acts that constituted sexual crime, they implicitly engaged in the parallel process of establishing boundaries within which sexuality could be acted out legitimately and, by the same token, form part of normal social behaviour. Thus, criminal or deviant sexual acts came to define the prevalent concept of normality. Danish provincial laws reflect a society in transition. Legislation concerning sexuality developed under the influence of ecclesiastical jurisprudence, canon law. Within a religious context, marriage was – due to its sacramental nature – the one and only institution to facilitate forgiveness for sexual acts, these being inherently sinful. Provincial laws matched the religious normative framework by defining monogamous marriage as a safe haven for sexual activity. Furthermore, they considered lawful marriage an instrument that might provide forgiveness for premarital sexual relations and even legalize and normalize such relations post facto. Consequently, extramarital sex was considered deviant behaviour, punishable by law. Three categories of sexual crime are investigated here: adultery, premarital relations, and rape. The latter differs from the two former types by its basic character of sexual violation, committed without obtaining consent, but, on the contrary, victimizing the woman. The article demonstrates the discursive articulation of the masculine and the feminine in the provincial laws, occurring as a consequence of how lawmakers construed the phenomenon of sexual crime. Focus is on responsibility for breach of the law; on the question of jurisdiction – secular or ecclesiastical – in different case types; and on the ways secular laws were influenced by canon law with regard to responsibility, guilt, punishment and, in general, the vindication of right. A governing theme is how the Christianization of marriage framed legal rearticulation or redefinition of deviant as well as acceptable sexual behaviour. The two aspects in combination show the prevalent conception of normality. The legal development contributed to the broader construct of the masculine and the feminine and their mutual relationship. The canonical model of marriage – sacramental, indissoluble and premised on mutual consent by partners – put man and woman on a more equal footing than before. This became an important factor in the specific formation of legal norms and rules. To a certain extent, even broader notions of gender relationships were renewed

An Exploratory Study of Corporate Social Responsibility in Electric Utility Sector. A Comparison between TNB, Malaysia And CLP, Hong Kong

I begin with Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” where each individual strives for his own goal resulting in efficient distribution of the resources and wealth1. In line with this Milton Freidman (1970) has argued that business social responsibility is to maximise profit for the shareholder and failure to do so is being irresponsible which leads to misallocation of scarce resources. This is also supported by company law, which stresses that the board responsibility is to ensure profitability for the shareholder

Ciri Personaliti Berkualiti Guru Sejarah Tingkatan Enam

Penjenamaan semula Tingkatan Enam yang bermula pada tahun 2012 membawa kepada perubahan dalam pentaksiran dan penilaian prestasi pelajar. Ini bermaksud apabila berlaku perubahan dalam pentaksiran dan penilaian prestasi maka berlaku juga perubahan dalam kurikulum. Kumpulan yang menerima impak daripada setiap perubahan yang terjadi adalah guru dan pelajar. Oleh itu, kajian ini, yang menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dilakukan untuk meneroka ciri personaliti berkualiti guru tingkatan Enam, khususnya bagi mata pelajaran Sejarah. Pengetahuan ini sedikit sebanyak dapat membantu guru dan pelajar menangani impak perubahan kurikulum yang dihadapi. Model The Big Five Personality telah dijadikan sebagai benchmark untuk menerangkan ciri personaliti berkualiti tersebut. Setelah data yang diperolehi menggunakan kaedah temubual, pemerhatian dan tinjauan dokumen dianalisis, kajian ini mendapati terdapat beberapa keadaan yang menjadi ciri personaliti berkualiti guru sejarah tingkatan Enam di tempat kajian dilakukan

Molecular modeling of ZnO nanoclusters interacting with various dopant and PVDF

Authors wish to acknowledge the Russian Foundation for Basic Researches (RFBR) grant # 19-01-00519 А

The Effects of Lake Michigan Discretionary Diversion Strategies on Illinois Waterway Dissolved Oxygen Resources

published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

Construction of the free energy landscape by the density functional theory

On the basis of the density functional theory, we give a clear definition of the free energy landscape. To show the usefulness of the definition, we construct the free energy landscape for rearrangement of atoms in an FCC crystal of hard spheres. In this description, the cooperatively rearranging region (CRR) is clealy related to the hard spheres involved in the saddle between two adjacent basins. A new concept of the simultaneously rearranging region (SRR) emerges naturally as spheres defined by the difference between two adjacent basins. We show that the SRR and the CRR can be determined explicitly from the free energylandscape.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, submitted to J. Chem. Phy