A Viability Approach For Management Of IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Node Performance

The long-term use of wireless sensors node while guaranteeing a good Quality of Services (QoS) is a major challenge in wireless sensor networks. Most of the relevant solutions which exist are proposed under Mac layer level but they use an optimization technique which requires a regular update of parameters and leads to unnecessary energy consumptiom which reduces the expected liftime and QoS. So in order to adress this issue, we propose in this paper, an adaptive management of wireless sensor node resources to meet application requirements in terms of energy consumption, reliability and delay. To do this, we have used the theory of viability, which is an approach that allows controling the evolution of a system in a set of desirable states. Here we have proposed an enhanced analytical model of sensor node’s energy dynamic, and we control it based on both Mac layer parameters of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and the packet sampling frequency. The simulation results have shown that the proposed model is more accurate and efficient as a node can send more information without violating energy, reliability and delay constraints

Etude des connaissances, des attitudes, et des pratiques des Chirurgiens-dentistes exerçant au Mali, sur la radioprotection.

The use of ionizing radiation (IR) for medical purposes, the main artificial source of exposure, can be responsible for long-term stochastic effects in practitioners and patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental surgeons practicing in Mali, in terms of radiation protection. A self-administered questionnaire designed on Googleforms was sent via Whatsapp to practitioners. The main items explored were: knowledge of radiation protection institutions, use of radiation protection devices, knowledge of the most exposed organs, risks of exposure to ionizing radiation, and application of radiation protection measures during radiographic examinations of children and pregnant women. The data were exported and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. The level of significance was set at p≤0.05.Of 123 questionnaires sent, 51 were completely filled out, for a response rate of 41.46%. Nearly 70% (60.8%) of the practitioners were unaware of the existence of any regulatory authority for radiation protection. The thyroid was considered the organ most exposed to ionizing radiation by 33.3% of practitioners. Only 31.4% of practitioners reported having a radiation protection device in their facility. Among practitioners who performed radiographic examinations themselves, 46.15% did not use any radiation protection equipment during examinations of children and pregnant women. There is a real need to strengthen the capacity of dentists practicing in Mali in the area of radiation protection through the introduction of continuing education on the subject.      L’utilisation médicale des rayonnements ionisants (RI) peut être responsable d’effets stochastiques à long terme chez les praticiens et les patients. L’objectif de cette étude était, d’évaluer les connaissances, attitudes, et pratiques des Chirurgiens-dentistes exerçant au Mali, en matière de radioprotection.Un questionnaire auto-admi­nistré conçu sur Google Forms a été envoyé aux praticiens. Les principaux items explorés étaient : la connaissance des institutions de radioprotection, l’usage des dispositifs de radioprotection, la connaissance des organes les plus exposés, des  risques de l’exposition aux rayonnements ionisants et l’application des mesures de radioprotection lors des examens radiographiques chez les enfants et les femmes enceintes. Les données ont été  exportées et analysées à l’aide du lo­giciel SPSS 20.0. Le niveau de significativité est fixé à p≤0,05.Sur 123 questionnaires envoyés, 51 ont été complètement renseignés soit un taux de réponse de 41,46 %. Près de 70% (60,8%) des praticiens ignoraient l’existence de tout organisme de règlementation en matière de radioprotection. La thyroïde était considérée comme l’organe le plus exposé aux rayonnements ionisants par 33,3%  des praticiens. Seuls 31,4% des praticiens déclaraient avoir un dis­positif de radioprotection dans leur structure. Parmi les praticiens réalisant eux-mêmes les examens radiographiques, 46,15% n’utilisaient aucun moyen de radioprotection lors des examens chez l’enfant et les femmes enceintes. Il existe un réel besoin de renforcement des capacités des chirurgiens-dentistes exerçant au Mali en matière de radioprotection à travers l’instauration d’une formation continue sur le sujet

Etude des connaissances, des attitudes, et des pratiques des Chirurgiens-dentistes exerçant au Mali, sur la radioprotection.

The use of ionizing radiation (IR) for medical purposes, the main artificial source of exposure, can be responsible for long-term stochastic effects in practitioners and patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental surgeons practicing in Mali, in terms of radiation protection. A self-administered questionnaire designed on Googleforms was sent via Whatsapp to practitioners. The main items explored were: knowledge of radiation protection institutions, use of radiation protection devices, knowledge of the most exposed organs, risks of exposure to ionizing radiation, and application of radiation protection measures during radiographic examinations of children and pregnant women. The data were exported and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. The level of significance was set at p≤0.05.Of 123 questionnaires sent, 51 were completely filled out, for a response rate of 41.46%. Nearly 70% (60.8%) of the practitioners were unaware of the existence of any regulatory authority for radiation protection. The thyroid was considered the organ most exposed to ionizing radiation by 33.3% of practitioners. Only 31.4% of practitioners reported having a radiation protection device in their facility. Among practitioners who performed radiographic examinations themselves, 46.15% did not use any radiation protection equipment during examinations of children and pregnant women. There is a real need to strengthen the capacity of dentists practicing in Mali in the area of radiation protection through the introduction of continuing education on the subject.      L’utilisation médicale des rayonnements ionisants (RI) peut être responsable d’effets stochastiques à long terme chez les praticiens et les patients. L’objectif de cette étude était, d’évaluer les connaissances, attitudes, et pratiques des Chirurgiens-dentistes exerçant au Mali, en matière de radioprotection.Un questionnaire auto-admi­nistré conçu sur Google Forms a été envoyé aux praticiens. Les principaux items explorés étaient : la connaissance des institutions de radioprotection, l’usage des dispositifs de radioprotection, la connaissance des organes les plus exposés, des  risques de l’exposition aux rayonnements ionisants et l’application des mesures de radioprotection lors des examens radiographiques chez les enfants et les femmes enceintes. Les données ont été  exportées et analysées à l’aide du lo­giciel SPSS 20.0. Le niveau de significativité est fixé à p≤0,05.Sur 123 questionnaires envoyés, 51 ont été complètement renseignés soit un taux de réponse de 41,46 %. Près de 70% (60,8%) des praticiens ignoraient l’existence de tout organisme de règlementation en matière de radioprotection. La thyroïde était considérée comme l’organe le plus exposé aux rayonnements ionisants par 33,3%  des praticiens. Seuls 31,4% des praticiens déclaraient avoir un dis­positif de radioprotection dans leur structure. Parmi les praticiens réalisant eux-mêmes les examens radiographiques, 46,15% n’utilisaient aucun moyen de radioprotection lors des examens chez l’enfant et les femmes enceintes. Il existe un réel besoin de renforcement des capacités des chirurgiens-dentistes exerçant au Mali en matière de radioprotection à travers l’instauration d’une formation continue sur le sujet

Differential infectivity of gametocytes after artemisinin-based combination therapy of uncomplicated falciparum malaria

Background: Most malaria-endemic countries use artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as their first-line treatment. ACTs are known to be highly effective on asexual stages of the malaria parasite. Malaria transmission and the spread of resistant parasites depend on the infectivity of gametocytes. The effect of the current ACT regimens on gametocyte infectivity is unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the infectivity of gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae following ACT treatment in the field. Methods: During a randomised controlled trial in Bougoula-Hameau, Mali, conducted from July 2005 to July 2007, volunteers with uncomplicated malaria were randomised to receive artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-amodiaquine, or artesunate-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Volunteers were followed for 28 days, and gametocyte carriage was assessed. Direct skin feeding assays were performed on gametocyte carriers before and after ACT administration. Results: Following artemether-lumefantrine treatment, gametocyte carriage decreased steadily from Day 0 to Day 21 post-treatment initiation. In contrast, for the artesunate-amodiaquine and artesunate-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine arms, gametocyte carriage increased on Day 3 and remained constant until Day 7 before decreasing afterward. Mosquito feeding assays showed that artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine significantly increased gametocyte infectivity to Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (p < 10−4), whereas artesunate-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine decreased gametocyte infectivity in this setting (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Different ACT regimens could lead to gametocyte populations with different capacity to infect the Anopheles vector. Frequent assessment of the effect of antimalarials on gametocytogenesis and gametocyte infectivity may be required for the full assessment of treatment efficacy, the potential for spread of drug resistance and malaria transmission in the field

Protocol for a parallel group, two-arm, superiority cluster randomised trial to evaluate a community-level complementary-food safety and hygiene and nutrition intervention in Mali:the MaaCiwara study (version 1.3; 10 November 2022)

BACKGROUND: Diarrhoeal disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among the under-fives in many low- and middle-income countries. Changes to food safety practices and feeding methods around the weaning period, alongside improved nutrition, may significantly reduce the risk of disease and improve development for infants. We describe a protocol for a cluster randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-faceted community-based educational intervention that aims to improve food safety and hygiene behaviours and enhance child nutrition. METHODS: We describe a mixed-methods, parallel group, two-arm, superiority cluster randomised controlled trial with baseline measures. One hundred twenty clusters comprising small urban and rural communities will be recruited in equal numbers and randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either treatment or control arms. The community intervention will be focussed around an ideal mother concept involving all community members during campaign days with dramatic arts and pledging, and follow-up home visits. Participants will be mother–child dyads (27 per cluster period) with children aged 6 to 36 months. Data collection will comprise a day of observation and interviews with each participating mother–child pair and will take place at baseline and 4 and 15 months post-intervention. The primary analysis will estimate the effectiveness of the intervention on changes to complementary-food safety and preparation behaviours, food and water contamination, and diarrhoea. Secondary outcomes include maternal autonomy, enteric infection, nutrition, child anthropometry, and development scores. A additional structural equation analysis will be conducted to examine the causal relationships between the different outcomes. Qualitative and health economic analyses including process evaluation will be done. CONCLUSIONS: The trial will provide evidence on the effectiveness of community-based behavioural change interventions designed to reduce the burden of diarrhoeal disease in the under-fives and how effectiveness varies across different contexts. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN14390796. Registration date December 13, 2021 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-022-06984-5

Epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Central Delta of Niger areas in Mali : Performance evaluation of two diagnostic tests to analyze the dynamics of transmission and development of tools for decision support for monitoring and control.

Deux tests sérologiques (test de fixation de complément (CFT) et l'ELISA de compétition (cELISA)) sont recommandés par l'OIE et utilisés couramment au Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Bamako parfois en parallèle dans le diagnostic et le dépistage de la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (PPCB). La performance de ces tests a été estimée différemment par plusieurs auteurs dans des contextes épidémiologiques différents à partir de méthodes statistiques standards avec un statut sanitaire réel des animaux partiellement ou totalement connu. Dans un milieu où la PPCB est endémique avec différents stades d'évolution de la maladie, sachant que les tests sérologiques sont non parfaits (non gold standards), l'utilisation d'une approche bayésienne semblait appropriée pour une appréciation précise des paramètres de performance de tests qui sont la sensibilité et la spécificité, afin de mieux apprécier la prévalence de la maladie dans le cheptel bovin du delta central du Niger au Mali. Les résultats d'analyse de laboratoire des échantillons de terrain ont servi de bases de données importantes pour une analyse descriptive de la situation épidémiologique par appréciation des patrons de variations des principaux paramètres pouvant exercer une influence majeure sur la propagation de la PPCB. Ceci, dans le but d'aider à la réflexion sur la recherche d'outils et stratégies nouvelles dans le processus de prévention et d'éradication de la PPCB par le développement des modalités d'implantation d'une méthodologie innovante, pratique et efficace comme la qualification sanitaire troupeau concernant la PPCB dans un environnement d'élevage extensif. Cette thèse a permis de mieux définir les corrélations entre les deux tests, d'observer une meilleure sensibilité de cELISA par rapport à CFT permettant de justifier son utilisation seule dans un programme de dépistage à large échelle de la PPCB dans un milieu endémique. La démonstration dans l'étude de l'existence d'agrégation des animaux séropositifs à l'échelle du troupeau et aussi géographique montre qu'un système de qualification sanitaire troupeau pourrait jouer en collaboration avec le réseau national de surveillance épidémiologique vétérinaire, un rôle prépondérant dans la lutte ciblée et la maîtrise de la propagation de la PPCB au Mali. Mots clefs : PPCB-cELISA-CFT-Approche bayésienne-Agrégation-qualification sanitaire-BovinTwo serological tests (complement fixation test (CFT) and competitive ELISA (cELISA)) are recommended by the OIE and commonly used in Central Veterinary Laboratory of Bamako sometimes in parallel, in the diagnosis and screening for contagious (CBPP). The performance of these tests has been estimated differently by several authors in different epidemiological settings using standard statistical methods with a real status of animals partially or completely known. In an environment where CBPP is endemic and where different stages of disease are available, given that serological tests are not perfect (not gold standard), the use of Bayesian approach seemed appropriate for an accurate assessment of the performance parameters of tests which are the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values to better assess the prevalence of the disease in cattle in the central Niger delta in Mali. The results of laboratory analysis of field samples were used as large database for epidemiological analysis of the geographical distribution of seroprevalence and the influence of major risk factors for the spread of CBPP. This, in order to aid reflection on tools research and new strategies in the process of prevention and eradication of CBPP by developing for implementation of an innovative, practical and effective methodology as sanitary qualification of cattle. This thesis has helped define the correlations between the two tests, observing a better sensitivity of cELISA compared to CFT to justify its use only in a program of widespread testing of CBPP in an endemic environment. In this study, the proof of the existence of aggregation of seropositive animals across herds and geographical level shows that a sanitary qualification system of cattle can play in collaboration with the national network of veterinary epidemiological surveillance a leadership role in targeted control and mastery of the spread of CBPP in Mali.Keys words: CBPP- cELISA - CFT- Bayesian approach -Aggregation- Sanitary qualification –Bovin

Epidémiologie de la Péripneumonie Contagieuse bovine(PPCB) dans les régions du Delta Central du Mali (évaluation des performances de deux tests de diagnostic pour analyser la dynamique de transmission et développement d'outils d'aide à la décision pour la surveillance et le contrôle.)

Deux tests sérologiques (test de fixation de complément (CFT) et l'ELISA de compétition (cELISA)) sont recommandés par l'OIE et utilisés couramment au Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Bamako parfois en parallèle dans le diagnostic et le dépistage de la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (PPCB). La performance de ces tests a été estimée différemment par plusieurs auteurs dans des contextes épidémiologiques différents à partir de méthodes statistiques standards avec un statut sanitaire réel des animaux partiellement ou totalement connu. Dans un milieu où la PPCB est endémique avec différents stades d'évolution de la maladie, sachant que les tests sérologiques sont non parfaits (non gold standards), l'utilisation d'une approche bayésienne semblait appropriée pour une appréciation précise des paramètres de performance de tests qui sont la sensibilité et la spécificité, afin de mieux apprécier la prévalence de la maladie dans le cheptel bovin du delta central du Niger au Mali. Les résultats d'analyse de laboratoire des échantillons de terrain ont servi de bases de données importantes pour une analyse descriptive de la situation épidémiologique par appréciation des patrons de variations des principaux paramètres pouvant exercer une influence majeure sur la propagation de la PPCB. Ceci, dans le but d'aider à la réflexion sur la recherche d'outils et stratégies nouvelles dans le processus de prévention et d'éradication de la PPCB par le développement des modalités d'implantation d'une méthodologie innovante, pratique et efficace comme la qualification sanitaire troupeau concernant la PPCB dans un environnement d'élevage extensif. Cette thèse a permis de mieux définir les corrélations entre les deux tests, d'observer une meilleure sensibilité de cELISA par rapport à CFT permettant de justifier son utilisation seule dans un programme de dépistage à large échelle de la PPCB dans un milieu endémique. La démonstration dans l'étude de l'existence d'agrégation des animaux séropositifs à l'échelle du troupeau et aussi géographique montre qu'un système de qualification sanitaire troupeau pourrait jouer en collaboration avec le réseau national de surveillance épidémiologique vétérinaire, un rôle prépondérant dans la lutte ciblée et la maitrise de la propagation de la PPCB au Mali. Mots clefs : PPCB-cELISA-CFT-Approche bayésienne-Agrégation-qualification sanitaire-BovinTwo serological tests (complement fixation test (CFT) and competitive ELISA (cELISA)) are recommended by the OIE and commonly used in Central Veterinary Laboratory of Bamako sometimes in parallel, in the diagnosis and screening for contagious (CBPP). The performance of these tests has been estimated differently by several authors in different epidemiological settings using standard statistical methods with a real status of animals partially or completely known. In an environment where CBPP is endemic and where different stages of disease are available, given that serological tests are not perfect (not gold standard), the use of Bayesian approach seemed appropriate for an accurate assessment of the performance parameters of tests which are the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values to better assess the prevalence of the disease in cattle in the central Niger delta in Mali. The results of laboratory analysis of field samples were used as large database for epidemiological analysis of the geographical distribution of seroprevalence and the influence of major risk factors for the spread of CBPP. This, in order to aid reflection on tools research and new strategies in the process of prevention and eradication of CBPP by developing for implementation of an innovative, practical and effective methodology as sanitary qualification of cattle. This thesis has helped define the correlations between the two tests, observing a better sensitivity of cELISA compared to CFT to justify its use only in a program of widespread testing of CBPP in an endemic environment. In this study, the proof of the existence of aggregation of seropositive animals across herds and geographical level shows that a sanitary qualification system of cattle can play in collaboration with the national network of veterinary epidemiological surveillance a leadership role in targeted control and mastery of the spread of CBPP in Mali.Keys words: CBPP- cELISA - CFT- Bayesian approach -Aggregation- Sanitary qualification BovineMONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Évaluation des risques liés à l’utilisation de pesticides en culture cotonnière au Mali

Au Mali, l’usage des pesticides sur la culture de coton constitue un réel problème de santé publique et pour l’environnement. Cette étude porte sur les risques potentiels correspondant à la « dangerosité » des matières actives présentes dans les pesticides distribués pour le coton. Nous avons recensé 174 pesticides homologués par le Comité sahélien des pesticides (CSP) destinés à la culture du coton, dont 106 insecticides et fongicides et 68 herbicides. Ils sont formulés à partir de 50 matières actives ; 10 sont interdites en Europe et se retrouvent dans 35 produits homologués (soit 20 % des produits disponibles). Un indice de risque de toxicité (IRT) sur la santé des utilisateurs a été calculé pour chacune des 50 matières actives tenant compte de leurs toxicités aiguë et chronique. Il montre que la pendiméthaline et la bifenthrine ont les IRT les plus élevés respectivement pour les herbicides et les insecticides. Un indicateur de contamination des sols et des eaux de surface et souterraine par ces matières actives a été calculé. Il montre qu’une matière active peut présenter un risque important pour la santé et avoir un fort niveau de toxicité pour l’environnement ou avoir un faible impact sur la santé mais présenter un risque élevé pour l’environnement. Une sensibilisation des différents acteurs sur les risques encourus par les pesticides permettrait de réduire leurs impacts sur la santé humaine et l’environnement

ULTRASOUND IN THE ETIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF HEMORRHAGES DURING THE 3RD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY AT THE FERTILIA MEDICAL CLINIC IN BAMAKO

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Haemorrhage in the third trimester of pregnancy is a major public health problem because it can jeopardize the vital prognosis of the mother and the fetus. The objective of our study was to study the sonographic etiologies of hemorrhages in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Subjects and Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This was a 5-year cross-sectional and prospective study, between JUNE 2017 and MAY 2022, which involved 82 pregnant women who were between 28 and 40 weeks of amenorrhea (SA) and who presented with hemorrhage regardless of its volume. The data collected was obtained on the ultrasound reports and a series of questions asked either of the patient or her companions. Data were entered and analyzed on SPSS version 26.0.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In our study, we performed 12,900 obstetrical ultrasounds, of which 82 women had hemorrhage, i.e. a frequency of 0.63%. The average age was 29 years with extremes ranging from 17 to 43 years. 39 patients or 47.5% were between 20 and 30 years old. 42 patients or 51% were multi gestures. 51 patients or 62% were multiparous. The clinical information prompting an ultrasound was abdominal pain + metrorrhagia in 58.5% of cases. 70.7% were between 37 SA and 42 SA. The sonographic etiologies were retroplacental hematoma (HRP) with 56% placenta previa (33%), placenta previa+HRP (2.2%) and uterine rupture (1.8%).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion : &lt;/strong&gt;Faced with the occurrence of metrorrhagia in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, it is always necessary to think of the most serious etiologies, which are ultimately not so rare and can jeopardize the vital prognosis of the mother and the child. A targeted questioning and a concise clinical examination make it possible to quickly orient towards an etiology. Ultrasound is an invaluable diagnostic and prognostic aid. The speed of emergency care can sometimes save the child, most often the mother.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/p&gt

Molecular Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus in West Africa: Is Lineage IV Replacing Lineage II in Burkina Faso?

This study aimed at investigating the genetic lineages of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) currently circulating in Burkina Faso. As part of PPR surveillance in 2021 and 2022, suspected outbreaks in different regions were investigated. A risk map was produced to determine high-risk areas for PPR transmission. Based on alerts, samples were obtained from three regions and all sampled localities were confirmed to fall within PPR high risk areas. We collected swab samples from the eyes, mouth, and nose of sick goats. Some tissue samples were also collected from dead animals suspected to be infected by PPRV. In total, samples from 28 goats were analysed. Virus confirmation was performed with RT-PCR amplification targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Partial N gene sequencing (350 bp) was carried out using the RT-PCR products of positives samples to characterise the circulating lineages. Eleven sequences, including ten new sequences, have been obtained. Our study identified the presence of the PPRV lineage IV in the three studied regions in Burkina Faso with a genetic heterogeneity recorded for the sequences analysed. Previously published data and results of this study suggest that PPRV lineage IV seems to be replacing lineage II in Burkina Faso