Deep learning approaches for MIMO time-series analysis

This study presents a comparative analysis of various deep learning (DL) methods for multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) time-series forecasting of stock prices. The analysis is conducted on a dataset comprising the stock price of Bitcoin. The dataset consists of 2950 rows from December 2017 to December 2021. This study aims to evaluate the performance of multiple DL methods, including Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). The evaluation criteria for selecting the best-performing methods in this research are based on two performance metrics: Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). These metrics were chosen for specific reasons related to assessing the accuracy and reliability of the forecasting models. MAPE is used to assess accuracy, while RMSE helps detect outliers in the system. Results show that the LSTM method achieves the best performance, outperforming other methods with an average MAPE value of 8.73% and Bi-LSTM has the best average RMSE value of 0.02216. The findings of this study have practical implications for time-series forecasting in the field of stock trading. The superior performance of LSTM highlights its potential as a reliable method for accurately predicting stock prices. The Bi-LSTM model's ability to detect outliers can aid in identifying abnormal stock market behavior. In summary, this research provides insights into the performance of various DL models of MIMO for stock price forecasting. The results contribute to the field of time-series forecasting and offer valuable guidance for decision-making in stock trading by identifying the most effective methods for predicting stock prices accurately and detecting unusual market behavior

Gender inequality in HDI and per capita expenditure: A probabilistic distribution and spatial data analysis

Men and women have different habits or lifestyles, which inevitably leads to variances in other areas. As a result, gender statistics emerged. In this example, researchers seek to discover if there are discrepancies in HDI and per capita expenditure in Indonesia between men and women. To determine this, data from reliable sources is required; thus, researchers use data from the official BPS website, bps.go.id. The data comes from many tables, so the researcher will join them so that they may be studied. The data used in this scenario are HDI data by gender in 2020 and Per Capita Expenditure data by gender in 2020. Researchers employed graphical tools, such as boxplots and thematic charts, to examine whether there are differences in HDI and per capita expenditure between men and women in Indonesia. Aside from that, researchers used the two-sample t-test approach to see if there were variations in HDI and per capita expenditure between men and women. Researchers will utilize Python software to run this hypothesis test. According to the findings of the investigation, there is still gender imbalance in Indonesia in terms of HDI and per capita expenditure. As a result, it is intended that this research can be utilized as a reference in analyzing existing policies to ensure that there is no gender discrepancy in terms of HDI and per capita expenditure between men and women. It is also envisaged that this research would be beneficial to many people

Dynamics of antigenemia and transmission intensity of Wuchereria bancrofti following cessation of mass drug administration in a formerly highly endemic region of Mali

Background After seven annual rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) in six Malian villages highly endemic for Wuchereria bancrofti (overall prevalence rate of 42.7%), treatment was discontinued in 2008. Surveillance was performed over the ensuing 5 years to detect recrudescence. Methods Circulating filarial antigen (CFA) was measured using immunochromatographic card tests (ICT) and Og4C3 ELISA in 6–7 year-olds. Antibody to the W. bancrofti infective larval stage (L3) antigen, Wb123, was tested in the same population in 2012. Microfilaraemia was assessed in ICT-positive subjects. Anopheles gambiae complex specimens were collected monthly using human landing catch (HLC) and pyrethrum spray catch (PSC). Anopheles gambiae complex infection with W. bancrofti was determined by dissection and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of mosquito pools. Results Annual CFA prevalence rates using ICT in children increased over time from 0% (0/289) in 2009 to 2.7% (8/301) in 2011, 3.9% (11/285) in 2012 and 4.5% (14/309) in 2013 (trend χ 2  = 11.85, df =3, P = 0.0006). Wb123 antibody positivity rates in 2013 were similar to the CFA prevalence by ELISA (5/285). Although two W. bancrofti-infected Anopheles were observed by dissection among 12,951 mosquitoes collected by HLC, none had L3 larvae when tested by L3-specific RT-PCR. No positive pools were detected among the mosquitoes collected by pyrethrum spray catch. Whereas ICT in 6–7 year-olds was the major surveillance tool, ICT positivity was also assessed in older children and adults (8–65 years old). CFA prevalence decreased in this group from 4.9% (39/800) to 3.5% (28/795) and 2.8% (50/1,812) in 2009, 2011 and 2012, respectively (trend χ 2  = 7.361, df =2, P = 0.0067). Some ICT-positive individuals were microfilaraemic in 2009 [2.6% (1/39)] and 2011 [8.3% (3/36)], but none were positive in 2012 or 2013. Conclusion Although ICT rates in children increased over the 5-year surveillance period, the decrease in ICT prevalence in the older group suggests a reduction in transmission intensity. This was consistent with the failure to detect infective mosquitoes or microfilaraemia. The threshold of ICT positivity in children may need to be re-assessed and other adjunct surveillance tools considered

Espaces de fonctions holomorphes, ensembles dominants

An important problem in signal theory is the reconstruction of a signal from a partial information, for exemple values in points or on subsets. Often these signals can be represented by holomorphic functions in a certain space the norm of which is given by integration on a certain domain.Dominating sets are the sets over which it suffices to integrate to find the norm of a function. They have been studied in large classes of holomorphic function spaces. In all these spaces, it turns out that a notion of relative density characterizes the dominating stes. In this context, it is useful to know whether we can relate the density of the set to the sampling constant. Indeed, knowing this link makes it possible to estimate the cost of sampling according to the expected precision of the norm of the function. Kovrijkine solved this problem for the Paley-Wiener spaces in the early 2000s. His idea was to establish local estimates on intervals or disks of a given size, and to show that these intervals or disks are sufficiently numerous to be able to recover the norm of the function. He showed that in this space, the sampling constant depends polynomially on the density. For that, he uses the Remez inequality which makes it possible to estimate a polynomial on a certain domain and which is uniformly controlled on a subset, as well as Bernstein’s inequality. In this thesis, we study the sampling constants for dominating sets in Bergman spaces and generalized Fock spaces and we show that again in these spaces there is a polynomial dependence of the sampling constant as a function of the relative density. While following the original idea of Kovrijkine, we develop a new method allowing to avoid the Bernstein inequality which is no longer true in the Bergman and Fock spaces. The Remez inequalities have been replaced by Andrievskii-Ruscheweyh inequalities which allow to consider planar sets in the Bergman and generalized Fock spaces. Our method also applies to the Paley-Wiener spaces already treated by Kovrijkine.Une catégorie importante de problèmes en théorie du signal consiste à reconstruire un signal donné à partir d’une information partielle, par exemple des valeurs en des points ou sur un sous-ensemble. Souvent, ces signaux peuvent être modélisés à l’aide de fonctions holomorphes appartenant à des espaces dont la norme est donnée par une intégration sur un domaine donné. Les ensembles dominants sont des sous-ensembles du domaine de définition commun des fonctions de l’espace sur lesquels il suffit d’intégrer pour retrouver la norme d’une fonction. Ces ensembles ont été étudiés dans de larges classes d'espaces de fonctions holomorphes. Dans tous ces espaces, il s'avère qu'une notion de relative densité caractérise les ensembles dominants. Dans ce contexte, il est utile de savoir si nous pouvons établir un lien entre la densité de l'ensemble et la constante d'échantillonnage. En effet, connaitre ce lien permet d'estimer le coût de l'échantillonnage en fonction de la précision espérée de la norme de la fonction. Kovrijkine a résolu ce problème pour les espaces de Paley-Wiener au début des années 2000. Son idée était d'établir des estimations locales sur des intervalles ou des disques de taille donnée, et de montrer que ces intervalles ou disques sont suffisamment nombreux pour pouvoir récupérer la norme de la fonction. Il a montré que dans cet espace, la constante d'échantillonnage dépend polynomialement de la densité. Pour cela, il utilise l’inégalité de Remez qui permet d'estimer un polynôme donné sur un certain domaine sachant que ce polynôme est uniformément contrôlé sur un sous-ensemble, ainsi que l’inégalité de Bernstein. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les constantes d'échantillonnage pour les ensembles dominants dans les espaces de Bergman et les espaces de Fock généralisés, et nous montrons que dans ces espaces aussi il y a une dépendance polynomiale de la constante d’échantillonnage en fonction de la densité. Tout en suivant l’idée originale de Kovrijkine, nous développons une nouvelle méthode permettant de s’affranchir de l’inégalité de Bernstein qui n’est plus vérifiée dans les espaces de Bergman et de Fock. Les inégalités de Remez ont été remplacées par des inégalités d'Andrievskii-Ruscheweyh qui permettent de considérer des ensembles planaires dans les espaces de Bergman et de Fock généralisé. Notre méthode s’applique également aux espaces de Paley-Wiener déjà traités par Kovrijkine

Espaces de fonctions holomorphes, ensembles dominants

An important problem in signal theory is the reconstruction of a signal from a partial information, for exemple values in points or on subsets. Often these signals can be represented by holomorphic functions in a certain space the norm of which is given by integration on a certain domain.Dominating sets are the sets over which it suffices to integrate to find the norm of a function. They have been studied in large classes of holomorphic function spaces. In all these spaces, it turns out that a notion of relative density characterizes the dominating stes. In this context, it is useful to know whether we can relate the density of the set to the sampling constant. Indeed, knowing this link makes it possible to estimate the cost of sampling according to the expected precision of the norm of the function. Kovrijkine solved this problem for the Paley-Wiener spaces in the early 2000s. His idea was to establish local estimates on intervals or disks of a given size, and to show that these intervals or disks are sufficiently numerous to be able to recover the norm of the function. He showed that in this space, the sampling constant depends polynomially on the density. For that, he uses the Remez inequality which makes it possible to estimate a polynomial on a certain domain and which is uniformly controlled on a subset, as well as Bernstein’s inequality. In this thesis, we study the sampling constants for dominating sets in Bergman spaces and generalized Fock spaces and we show that again in these spaces there is a polynomial dependence of the sampling constant as a function of the relative density. While following the original idea of Kovrijkine, we develop a new method allowing to avoid the Bernstein inequality which is no longer true in the Bergman and Fock spaces. The Remez inequalities have been replaced by Andrievskii-Ruscheweyh inequalities which allow to consider planar sets in the Bergman and generalized Fock spaces. Our method also applies to the Paley-Wiener spaces already treated by Kovrijkine.Une catégorie importante de problèmes en théorie du signal consiste à reconstruire un signal donné à partir d’une information partielle, par exemple des valeurs en des points ou sur un sous-ensemble. Souvent, ces signaux peuvent être modélisés à l’aide de fonctions holomorphes appartenant à des espaces dont la norme est donnée par une intégration sur un domaine donné. Les ensembles dominants sont des sous-ensembles du domaine de définition commun des fonctions de l’espace sur lesquels il suffit d’intégrer pour retrouver la norme d’une fonction. Ces ensembles ont été étudiés dans de larges classes d'espaces de fonctions holomorphes. Dans tous ces espaces, il s'avère qu'une notion de relative densité caractérise les ensembles dominants. Dans ce contexte, il est utile de savoir si nous pouvons établir un lien entre la densité de l'ensemble et la constante d'échantillonnage. En effet, connaitre ce lien permet d'estimer le coût de l'échantillonnage en fonction de la précision espérée de la norme de la fonction. Kovrijkine a résolu ce problème pour les espaces de Paley-Wiener au début des années 2000. Son idée était d'établir des estimations locales sur des intervalles ou des disques de taille donnée, et de montrer que ces intervalles ou disques sont suffisamment nombreux pour pouvoir récupérer la norme de la fonction. Il a montré que dans cet espace, la constante d'échantillonnage dépend polynomialement de la densité. Pour cela, il utilise l’inégalité de Remez qui permet d'estimer un polynôme donné sur un certain domaine sachant que ce polynôme est uniformément contrôlé sur un sous-ensemble, ainsi que l’inégalité de Bernstein. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les constantes d'échantillonnage pour les ensembles dominants dans les espaces de Bergman et les espaces de Fock généralisés, et nous montrons que dans ces espaces aussi il y a une dépendance polynomiale de la constante d’échantillonnage en fonction de la densité. Tout en suivant l’idée originale de Kovrijkine, nous développons une nouvelle méthode permettant de s’affranchir de l’inégalité de Bernstein qui n’est plus vérifiée dans les espaces de Bergman et de Fock. Les inégalités de Remez ont été remplacées par des inégalités d'Andrievskii-Ruscheweyh qui permettent de considérer des ensembles planaires dans les espaces de Bergman et de Fock généralisé. Notre méthode s’applique également aux espaces de Paley-Wiener déjà traités par Kovrijkine

Espaces de fonctions holomorphes, ensembles dominants

An important problem in signal theory is the reconstruction of a signal from a partial information, for exemple values in points or on subsets. Often these signals can be represented by holomorphic functions in a certain space the norm of which is given by integration on a certain domain.Dominating sets are the sets over which it suffices to integrate to find the norm of a function. They have been studied in large classes of holomorphic function spaces. In all these spaces, it turns out that a notion of relative density characterizes the dominating stes. In this context, it is useful to know whether we can relate the density of the set to the sampling constant. Indeed, knowing this link makes it possible to estimate the cost of sampling according to the expected precision of the norm of the function. Kovrijkine solved this problem for the Paley-Wiener spaces in the early 2000s. His idea was to establish local estimates on intervals or disks of a given size, and to show that these intervals or disks are sufficiently numerous to be able to recover the norm of the function. He showed that in this space, the sampling constant depends polynomially on the density. For that, he uses the Remez inequality which makes it possible to estimate a polynomial on a certain domain and which is uniformly controlled on a subset, as well as Bernstein’s inequality. In this thesis, we study the sampling constants for dominating sets in Bergman spaces and generalized Fock spaces and we show that again in these spaces there is a polynomial dependence of the sampling constant as a function of the relative density. While following the original idea of Kovrijkine, we develop a new method allowing to avoid the Bernstein inequality which is no longer true in the Bergman and Fock spaces. The Remez inequalities have been replaced by Andrievskii-Ruscheweyh inequalities which allow to consider planar sets in the Bergman and generalized Fock spaces. Our method also applies to the Paley-Wiener spaces already treated by Kovrijkine.Une catégorie importante de problèmes en théorie du signal consiste à reconstruire un signal donné à partir d’une information partielle, par exemple des valeurs en des points ou sur un sous-ensemble. Souvent, ces signaux peuvent être modélisés à l’aide de fonctions holomorphes appartenant à des espaces dont la norme est donnée par une intégration sur un domaine donné. Les ensembles dominants sont des sous-ensembles du domaine de définition commun des fonctions de l’espace sur lesquels il suffit d’intégrer pour retrouver la norme d’une fonction. Ces ensembles ont été étudiés dans de larges classes d'espaces de fonctions holomorphes. Dans tous ces espaces, il s'avère qu'une notion de relative densité caractérise les ensembles dominants. Dans ce contexte, il est utile de savoir si nous pouvons établir un lien entre la densité de l'ensemble et la constante d'échantillonnage. En effet, connaitre ce lien permet d'estimer le coût de l'échantillonnage en fonction de la précision espérée de la norme de la fonction. Kovrijkine a résolu ce problème pour les espaces de Paley-Wiener au début des années 2000. Son idée était d'établir des estimations locales sur des intervalles ou des disques de taille donnée, et de montrer que ces intervalles ou disques sont suffisamment nombreux pour pouvoir récupérer la norme de la fonction. Il a montré que dans cet espace, la constante d'échantillonnage dépend polynomialement de la densité. Pour cela, il utilise l’inégalité de Remez qui permet d'estimer un polynôme donné sur un certain domaine sachant que ce polynôme est uniformément contrôlé sur un sous-ensemble, ainsi que l’inégalité de Bernstein. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les constantes d'échantillonnage pour les ensembles dominants dans les espaces de Bergman et les espaces de Fock généralisés, et nous montrons que dans ces espaces aussi il y a une dépendance polynomiale de la constante d’échantillonnage en fonction de la densité. Tout en suivant l’idée originale de Kovrijkine, nous développons une nouvelle méthode permettant de s’affranchir de l’inégalité de Bernstein qui n’est plus vérifiée dans les espaces de Bergman et de Fock. Les inégalités de Remez ont été remplacées par des inégalités d'Andrievskii-Ruscheweyh qui permettent de considérer des ensembles planaires dans les espaces de Bergman et de Fock généralisé. Notre méthode s’applique également aux espaces de Paley-Wiener déjà traités par Kovrijkine

Evaluation du pouvoir fertilisant de deux fumures organiques (fiente de poulet et tourteaux de coprah) sur les paramètres de croissance du bananier plantain (Musa paradisiaca) cultivé sur sables quaternaires du littoral ivoirien

Objectif: L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer le pouvoir fertilisant de deux fumures organiques (fiente de poulet et tourteaux de coprah) sur les paramètres de croissance du bananier plantain (Musa paradisiaca) cultivé sur sables quaternaires du littoral ivoirien.Méthodologie et résultats: L’étude a été menée à la station de recherche Marc Delorme du Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA) au Sud de la Côte d’Ivoire sur sables quaternaires du littoral ivoirien avec la variété PITA 3 de bananier plantain avec la fiente de poulet et de tourteaux de coprah. L’essai a été conduit suivant un dispositif expérimental en blocs aléatoires randomisés à trois répétitions. Les plants de bananier de la variété PITA 3 ont été soumis durant dix semaines à huit traitements avec trois traitements à base de fiente de poulet : T2 (500g/plant), T3 (750g/plant) et T4 (1000g/plant), trois traitements à base de tourteaux de coprah : T5 (500g/plant), T6 (750g/plant) et T7 (1000g/plant), un traitement à base d’engrais chimique : T1 (35 g/plant d’urée + 40g/plant de chlorure de potassium) et un traitement témoin (sans apport de fertilisants). . Les observations ont porté sur la circonférence au collet, la taille des plants de bananiers, la surface foliaire et le nombre moyen de feuilles vivantes. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que sur les sables quaternaires du littoral ivoirien, les plants de bananiers traités avec 750 g/plant de fiente de poulet ou de tourteaux de coprah ont généré les meilleures croissances. Cependant, la fiente de poulet à la dose de 750 g/plant a permis d’obtenir les meilleures valeurs moyennes de nombre de hauteur des plants (58,24+9,26), de circonférence au collet (17,119 + 2,77), de surface foliaire (1534,452 cm2) et de feuilles vivantes (9,16 + 1,46) au cours de l’étude.Conclusion et application: Sur les sols sableux du littoral, la fertilisation des sols en culture du bananier plantain peut être assurée convenablement par une fertilisation à base de fiente de poulet relativement accessible pour les producteurs généralement à revenus économiques très faibles, à la dose de 750 g/plant pour assurer la bonne croissance des plants pour une culture de bananier plantain réussie durable,  respectant l’environnement. Toutefois à défaut de la fiente de poulet, le tourteau de coprah également à la dose de 750g/plant, pourrait constituer une alternative pour la fertilisation des sols en culture de bananier plantain sur sables quaternaires du littoral ivoirien.Mots-clés: Banane (Musa spp.), fiente de poulet, tourteaux de coprah, sols sableux, engrais chimiques, Côte d’IvoireEnglish Title:  Evaluation of the fertilizing power of two organic fertilizers (chicken dung and coprah meal) on the growth parameters of the plantain banana tree (Musa paradisiaca) grown on quaternary sands of the Ivorian coast.English AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to assess the fertilizing properties of two organic fertilizers (chicken droppings and coprah meal) on the growth parameters of the plantain banana tree (Musa paradisiaca) grown on quaternary sands of the Ivorian coast.Methodology and results: The study was conducted at the Marc Delorme research station of the National Centre for Agronomic Research (CNRA) in southern Côte d'Ivoire on the quaternary sands of the Ivorian coast with the PITA 3 variety of plantain banana tree with chicken droppings and coprah meal. The test was conducted using an experimental device in randomized random blocks with three replicates. Banana tree plants of PITA 3 have been subjected to eight treatments for ten weeks with three chicken dung treatments: T2 (500g/plant), T3 (750g/plant) and T4 (1000g/plant), three coprah meal treatments: T5 (500g/plant), T6 (750g/plant) and T7 (1000g/plant) and a control treatment (without fertilizers). Observations included collar circumference, banana plant size, leaf surface and mean number of live leaves. The results obtained showed that on the quaternary sands of the Ivorian coast, banana plants treated with 750 g/plant of chicken droppings or coprah meal have generated the best growth. However, chicken dung at the 750 g/plant dose yielded the best mean values of plant height (58.24+9.26), collar circumference (17.119 + 2.77), foliar surface (1534.452 cm2) and living leaves (9.16 + 1.46) during the study.Conclusion and application: Soil fertilization in plantain banana cultivation can be adequately ensured in coastal sandy soils by fertilization based on chicken droppings that are relatively accessible to producers with generally very low economic incomes, at a dose of 750 g/plant to ensure the proper growth of plants for a successful, sustainable plantain cultivation that respects the environment. However, in the absence of chicken droppings, the coprah meal also at the dose of 750 g/plant, could be an alternative for fertilization of soils in plantain banana tree culture on the quaternary sands of the Ivorian coast.Keywords: Banana (Musa spp.), Chicken manure, coconut cake, sandy soils, chemical fertilizers, Côte d’Ivoir

Factors Associated with Wuchereria bancrofti Microfilaremia in an Endemic Area of Mali

Although Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb), the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, is endemic throughout Mali, the prevalence of Wb microfilaremia (Mf) can vary widely between villages despite similar prevalence of infection as assessed by circulating antigen. To examine this variation, cross-sectional data obtained during screening prior to an interventional study in two neighboring villages in Mali were analyzed. The overall prevalence of Wb, as assessed by Wb Cag (circulating antigen), was 50.3% among 373 participants, aged 14-65. Wb Mf-positive and negative individuals appeared randomly distributed across the two villages (Moran’s I spatial statistic = -0.01, Z score = 0.1, P > 0.05). Among the 187 subjects positive for Wb CAg, 117 (62.5%) had detectable Mansonella perstans microfilaremia (Mp Mf) and 64(34.2%) had detectable Wb microfilaremia. The prevalence of Mp microfilaremia was 73.4% in the Wb Mf-positive group (as compared to 56.9% in the Wb Mf-negative group; p=0.01), and median Wb Mf load was increased in co-infected subjects (267 Mf/ml vs 100 Mf/ml; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, village of residence, Mp Mf positivity and gender were significantly associated with Wb Mf positivity. After controlling for age, gender and village of residence, the odds of being Wb Mf positive was 2.67 times higher in Mp positive individuals (95% CI [1.42-5.01]). Given the geographical overlap between Mp and Wb in Africa, a better understanding of the distribution and prevalence of Mp could assist national LF control programs in predicting areas of high Wb mf prevalence that may require closer surveillance

Filariasis attenuates anemia and proinflammatory responses associated with clinical malaria: a matched prospective study in children and young adults.

Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb) and Mansonella perstans (Mp) are blood-borne filarial parasites that are endemic in many countries of Africa, including Mali. The geographic distribution of Wb and Mp overlaps considerably with that of malaria, and coinfection is common. Although chronic filarial infection has been shown to alter immune responses to malaria parasites, its effect on clinical and immunologic responses in acute malaria is unknown.To address this question, 31 filaria-positive (FIL+) and 31 filaria-negative (FIL-) children and young adults, matched for age, gender and hemoglobin type, were followed prospectively through a malaria transmission season. Filarial infection was defined by the presence of Wb or Mp microfilariae on calibrated thick smears performed between 10 pm and 2 am and/or by the presence of circulating filarial antigen in serum. Clinical malaria was defined as axillary temperature ≥37.5°C or another symptom or sign compatible with malaria infection plus the presence of asexual malaria parasites on a thick blood smear. Although the incidence of clinical malaria, time to first episode, clinical signs and symptoms, and malaria parasitemia were comparable between the two groups, geometric mean hemoglobin levels were significantly decreased in FIL- subjects at the height of the transmission season compared to FIL+ subjects (11.4 g/dL vs. 12.5 g/dL, p<0.01). Plasma levels of IL-1ra, IP-10 and IL-8 were significantly decreased in FIL+ subjects at the time of presentation with clinical malaria (99, 2145 and 49 pg/ml, respectively as compared to 474, 5522 and 247 pg/ml in FIL- subjects).These data suggest that pre-existent filarial infection attenuates immune responses associated with severe malaria and protects against anemia, but has little effect on susceptibility to or severity of acute malaria infection. The apparent protective effect of filarial infection against anemia is intriguing and warrants further study in a larger cohort