13 research outputs found
A secure cross-domain interaction scheme for blockchain-based intelligent transportation systems
Si, H., Li, W., Wang, Q., Cao, H., Bação, F., & Sun, C. (2023). A secure cross-domain interaction scheme for blockchain-based intelligent transportation systems. PeerJ Computer Science, (November 2023), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1678, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1678/supp-1, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1678/supp-2---This work was supported by the Henan Province Key Science-technology Research Project under Grant No. 232102520006 and 232102210122, the Key Research Project of Henan Provincial Higher Education Institution under Grant No. 23A520005, and the Henan Province Major Public Welfare Projects under Grant No. 201300210300. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.In the intelligent transportation system (ITS), secure and efficient data communication among vehicles, road testing equipment, computing nodes, and transportation agencies is important for building a smart city-integrated transportation system. However, the traditional centralized processing approach may face threats in terms of data leakage and trust. The use of distributed, tamper-proof blockchain technology can improve the decentralized storage and security of data in the ITS network. However, the cross-trust domain devices, terminals, and transportation agencies in the heterogeneous blockchain network of the ITS still face great challenges in trusted data communication and interoperability. In this article, we propose a heterogeneous cross-chain interaction mechanism based on relay nodes and identity encryption to solve the problem of data cross-domain interaction between devices and agencies in the ITS. First, we propose the ITS cross-chain communication framework and improve the cross-chain interaction model. The relay nodes are interconnected through libP2P to form a relay node chain, which is used for cross-chain information verification and transmission. Secondly, we propose a relay node secure access scheme based on identity-based encryption to provide reliable identity authentication for relay nodes. Finally, we build a standard cross-chain communication protocol and cross-chain transaction lifecycle for this mechanism. We use Hyperledger Fabric and FISCO BCOS blockchain to design and implement this solution, and verify the feasibility of this cross-chain interaction mechanism. The experimental results show that the mechanism can achieve a stable data cross-chain read throughput of 2,000 transactions per second, which can meet the requirements of secure and efficient cross-chain communication and interaction among heterogeneous blockchains in the ITS, and has high application value.publishersversionpublishe
Multi-Perspective Fusion Network for Commonsense Reading Comprehension
Commonsense Reading Comprehension (CRC) is a significantly challenging task,
aiming at choosing the right answer for the question referring to a narrative
passage, which may require commonsense knowledge inference. Most of the
existing approaches only fuse the interaction information of choice, passage,
and question in a simple combination manner from a \emph{union} perspective,
which lacks the comparison information on a deeper level. Instead, we propose a
Multi-Perspective Fusion Network (MPFN), extending the single fusion method
with multiple perspectives by introducing the \emph{difference} and
\emph{similarity} fusion\deleted{along with the \emph{union}}. More
comprehensive and accurate information can be captured through the three types
of fusion. We design several groups of experiments on MCScript dataset
\cite{Ostermann:LREC18:MCScript} to evaluate the effectiveness of the three
types of fusion respectively. From the experimental results, we can conclude
that the difference fusion is comparable with union fusion, and the similarity
fusion needs to be activated by the union fusion. The experimental result also
shows that our MPFN model achieves the state-of-the-art with an accuracy of
83.52\% on the official test set
Language Prior Is Not the Only Shortcut: A Benchmark for Shortcut Learning in VQA
Visual Question Answering (VQA) models are prone to learn the shortcut
solution formed by dataset biases rather than the intended solution. To
evaluate the VQA models' reasoning ability beyond shortcut learning, the VQA-CP
v2 dataset introduces a distribution shift between the training and test set
given a question type. In this way, the model cannot use the training set
shortcut (from question type to answer) to perform well on the test set.
However, VQA-CP v2 only considers one type of shortcut and thus still cannot
guarantee that the model relies on the intended solution rather than a solution
specific to this shortcut. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new
dataset that considers varying types of shortcuts by constructing different
distribution shifts in multiple OOD test sets. In addition, we overcome the
three troubling practices in the use of VQA-CP v2, e.g., selecting models using
OOD test sets, and further standardize OOD evaluation procedure. Our benchmark
provides a more rigorous and comprehensive testbed for shortcut learning in
VQA. We benchmark recent methods and find that methods specifically designed
for particular shortcuts fail to simultaneously generalize to our varying OOD
test sets. We also systematically study the varying shortcuts and provide
several valuable findings, which may promote the exploration of shortcut
learning in VQA.Comment: Fingdings of EMNLP-202
Combo of Thinking and Observing for Outside-Knowledge VQA
Outside-knowledge visual question answering is a challenging task that
requires both the acquisition and the use of open-ended real-world knowledge.
Some existing solutions draw external knowledge into the cross-modality space
which overlooks the much vaster textual knowledge in natural-language space,
while others transform the image into a text that further fuses with the
textual knowledge into the natural-language space and completely abandons the
use of visual features. In this paper, we are inspired to constrain the
cross-modality space into the same space of natural-language space which makes
the visual features preserved directly, and the model still benefits from the
vast knowledge in natural-language space. To this end, we propose a novel
framework consisting of a multimodal encoder, a textual encoder and an answer
decoder. Such structure allows us to introduce more types of knowledge
including explicit and implicit multimodal and textual knowledge. Extensive
experiments validate the superiority of the proposed method which outperforms
the state-of-the-art by 6.17% accuracy. We also conduct comprehensive ablations
of each component, and systematically study the roles of varying types of
knowledge. Codes and knowledge data can be found at
https://github.com/PhoebusSi/Thinking-while-Observing.Comment: ACL-23, Main Conferenc
Towards Robust Visual Question Answering: Making the Most of Biased Samples via Contrastive Learning
Models for Visual Question Answering (VQA) often rely on the spurious
correlations, i.e., the language priors, that appear in the biased samples of
training set, which make them brittle against the out-of-distribution (OOD)
test data. Recent methods have achieved promising progress in overcoming this
problem by reducing the impact of biased samples on model training. However,
these models reveal a trade-off that the improvements on OOD data severely
sacrifice the performance on the in-distribution (ID) data (which is dominated
by the biased samples). Therefore, we propose a novel contrastive learning
approach, MMBS, for building robust VQA models by Making the Most of Biased
Samples. Specifically, we construct positive samples for contrastive learning
by eliminating the information related to spurious correlation from the
original training samples and explore several strategies to use the constructed
positive samples for training. Instead of undermining the importance of biased
samples in model training, our approach precisely exploits the biased samples
for unbiased information that contributes to reasoning. The proposed method is
compatible with various VQA backbones. We validate our contributions by
achieving competitive performance on the OOD dataset VQA-CP v2 while preserving
robust performance on the ID dataset VQA v2.Comment: Findings of EMNLP-202
Development of a microstructure-based numerical approach for analyzing heat transfer within the asphalt mixture
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Central role for PICALM in amyloid–β blood–brain barrier transcytosis and clearance
PICALM is highly validated genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we report that PICALM reductions in AD and murine brain endothelium correlate with amyloid–β (Aβ) pathology and cognitive impairment. Moreover, Picalm deficiency diminishes Aβ clearance across the murine blood–brain barrier (BBB) and accelerates Aβ pathology that is reversible by endothelial PICALM re–expression. Using human brain endothelial monolayer, we show that PICALM regulates PICALM/clathrin–dependent internalization of Aβ bound to the low density lipoprotein receptor related protein–1, a key Aβ clearance receptor, and guides Aβ trafficking to Rab5 and Rab11 leading to Aβ endothelial transcytosis and clearance. PICALM levels and Aβ clearance were reduced in AD–derived endothelial monolayers, which was reversible by adenoviral–mediated PICALM transfer. iPSC–derived human endothelial cells carrying the rs3851179 protective allele exhibited higher PICALM levels and enhanced Aβ clearance. Thus, PICALM regulates Aβ BBB transcytosis and clearance that has implications for Aβ brain homeostasis and clearance therapy