Asymmetric leaves2 and elongator, a histone acetyltransferase complex, mediate the establishment of polarity in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana

Leaf primordia are generated around the shoot apical meristem. Mutation of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana results in defects in repression of the meristematic and indeterminate state, establishment of adaxial-abaxial polarity and left-right symmetry in leaves. AS2 represses transcription of meristem-specific class 1 KNOX homeobox genes and of the abaxial-determinant genes ETTIN/ARF3, KANADI2 and YABBY5. To clarify the role of AS2 in the establishment of leaf polarity, we isolated mutations that enhanced the polarity defects associated with as2. We describe here the enhancer-of-asymmetric-leaves-two1 (east1) mutation, which caused the formation of filamentous leaves with abaxialized epidermis on the as2-1 background. Levels of transcripts of class 1 KNOX and abaxial-determinant genes were markedly higher in as2-1 east1-1 mutant plants than in the wild-type and corresponding single-mutant plants. EAST1 encodes the histone acetyltransferase ELONGATA3 (ELO3), a component of the Elongator complex. Genetic analysis, using mutations in genes involved in the biogenesis of a trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA), revealed that ELO3 mediated establishment of leaf polarity independently of AS2 and the ta-siRNA-related pathway. Treatment with an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) caused additive polarity defects in as2-1 east1-1 mutant plants, suggesting the operation of an ELO3 pathway, independent of the HDAC pathway, in the determination of polarity. We propose that multiple pathways play important roles in repression of the expression of class 1 KNOX and abaxial-determinant genes in the development of the adaxial domain of leaves and, thus, in the establishment of leaf polarity

コウキュウ ニホンショク レストラン Nobu ノ ネットワークケイセイ ト シンショウセイ ノ コウチク

加速するグローバル化のもと，アメリカ合衆国をはじめとする世界の大都市を中心に，日本食レストランは増加し続けてきた。その過程を明らかにするため，本稿では，1980年代後半，ロザンゼルスにおいてセレブリティたちの間で人気を博し，その後ニューヨークに進出して成功し，日本食ブームの加速化に貢献した日本人シェフ松久信幸氏と彼のNobu（ノブ）という高級レストランに注目した。松久氏のレストランは，海外での日本食の受容の過程を理解するために重要な事例であり，次の2点が特徴的である。第一に，南北アメリカでの就労経験をもとに「ノブスタイル」というハイブリッドな日本食を確立させたこと，第二に，世界都市と呼ばれる場所を中心に店を開店したことである。松久氏は各店舗を結節点とした食のネットワークを作り上げ，独自の料理形式を確立し，日本食ビジネスを成功に導いた。続いて，主要な3拠点（ロサンゼルス，ニューヨーク，東京）に所在する店舗を取り上げ，各店舗の特徴と松久氏が依拠する真正性（オーセンティシティ）について検討した。ノブの真正性は，従来の日本食レストランにおいて重要であった，日本という起源の土地と受容側の2拠点の関係上に成立する概念に限定されない。ノブの成功を支えるのは，食のネットワーク空間における，日本食文化の担い手（エージェント）としてのシェフ自身の行動，店のスタッフや顧客，食材，情報等の絶え間ない移動と流通に支えられた，人間やそれ以外のあらゆる生物や要素を巻き込んだ「エージェント由来の真正性」なのである。The popularity of Japanese food is based on this one distinct food culture that has developed a global influence particularly through its presence in major cities in the world, called world cities. In this article, focusing on the case of Japanese Chef Nobuyuki Matsuhisa (known as Nobu), I outline the cultural and social impacts of the popularity of Japanese food in the United States of America since the late 1980s. The case of Nobu gives us interesting insights when we think about the process of the emerging positive reputation of Japanese food. Nobu’s case is particularly significant for two main reasons : first, his approach to cooking, “Nobu-style”, is based on both his training in Japan and his experience in South and North America, the resulting influences of which characterize his cuisine as a form of hybridized Japanese food. Second, the locations of his restaurants in major world cities. Nobu has established his own culinary network and created a unique sense of authenticity for his dishes in relation to this global world-city geography. Looking into the interior design of a couple of his major outlets, I further analyzed how the authentic atmosphere has been practiced and presented to customers in his outlets. Nobu’s sense of authenticity cannot be defined in relation to a single place of origin. Rather, in his case, the notion of authenticity depends on Nobu’s constant mobility and the multiple flows of restaurant staff and customers, materials, and information within networks. Therefore, I argue we need to adopt a more comprehensive concept of agent-based authenticity than the conventional place-based authenticity, treating all the humans and materials involved as actors

Pollution by estrogens in river and estuarine waters around Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and their effects on the estuarine Java-medaka, Oryzias javanicus.

Estrogens (17 B-estradiol and estrone) concentrations in river and estuarine waters around Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay while estrogenic potential of the waters were ascertained by three in vitro bioassays, namely E-screen, Ishikawa cell-alkaline phosphatase and yeast estrogen screen. Moreover, hepatic vitellogenin, a precursor of yolk protein that is specific to females, were examined in male and female Java-medaka collected in the same area. 17B-estradiol and estrone concentrations were less than 6.1 ng/L and 127 ng/L, respectively. The highest 17B-estradiol equivalent activity, 284 ng/L, was detected by in vitro assay in Sungai Kuyoh, which was adjacent to a sewage plant. 17B-estradiol and estrone concentrations were not equal to their estrogenic potentials determined by in vitro assay implying the presence of other estrogenic chemicals in these waters. Hepatic vitellogenin concentrations of both male and female java-medaka were the same to laboratory-cultured individuals. Although relatively high estrogen concentrations were detected in some waters of Malaysia, these were not high enough to induce hepatic vitellogenin in male fishes. Further research, however, is necessary to cover more number of sampling sites

ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 and Elongator, a Histone Acetyltransferase Complex, Mediate the Establishment of Polarity in Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana

Leaf primordia are generated around the shoot apical meristem. Mutation of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana results in defects in repression of the meristematic and indeterminate state, establishment of adaxial-abaxial polarity and left-right symmetry in leaves. AS2 represses transcription of meristem-specific class 1 KNOX homeobox genes and of the abaxial-determinant genes ETTIN/ARF3, KANADI2 and YABBY5. To clarify the role of AS2 in the establishment of leaf polarity, we isolated mutations that enhanced the polarity defects associated with as2. We describe here the enhancer-of-asymmetric-leaves-two1 (east1) mutation, which caused the formation of filamentous leaves with abaxialized epidermis on the as2-1 background. Levels of transcripts of class 1 KNOX and abaxial-determinant genes were markedly higher in as2-1 east1-1 mutant plants than in the wild-type and corresponding single-mutant plants. EAST1 encodes the histone acetyltransferase ELONGATA3 (ELO3), a component of the Elongator complex. Genetic analysis, using mutations in genes involved in the biogenesis of a trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA), revealed that ELO3 mediated establishment of leaf polarity independently of AS2 and the ta-siRNA-related pathway. Treatment with an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) caused additive polarity defects in as2-1 east1-1 mutant plants, suggesting the operation of an ELO3 pathway, independent of the HDAC pathway, in the determination of polarity. We propose that multiple pathways play important roles in repression of the expression of class 1 KNOX and abaxial-determinant genes in the development of the adaxial domain of leaves and, thus, in the establishment of leaf polarit

食べること／食べられること：マーガレット・アトウッド「わんぱくグリゼルダ」の二重性

本稿は、疫病流行下の隔離状況を描くマーガレット・アトウッド（Margaret Atwood）のSF短編「わんぱくグリゼルダ」（“Impatient Griselda,” 2020 ）に、形式・内容にまたがって複数のレベルでアダプテーションの原理が適用されていることに着目し、そのような手法を通してパンデミック下における日常／非日常の複雑な重なり合いが表現されていることを分析する。この短編の主題が「食」にある点を指摘したうえで、コロナ禍での食文化の変化、アトウッドのキャリアを通じた食という主題の重要性、短編中の捕食／被食関係の描かれ方を順に検証することで、複数の二重性が食の問題に焦点化する過程を明らかにする

ナガノケン サン リンゴ カジツ ニ オケル コウサンカノウ ノ ヒンシュカンサイ ト シュウカクビ オヨビ チョゾウ ニ ヨル ヘンカ

長野県で収穫されたリンゴ果実の抗酸化能をoxygen radical absorbance capacity（ORAC）法により測定した。まず6品種の果肉のORAC値を比較した。‘ふじ’については，同日収穫での品質のばらつき，さらに収穫日や貯蔵条件がORAC値に与える影響を調査した。その結果，リンゴのORAC値は‘紅玉’，‘ふじ’が最も高く，‘シナノゴールド’の1.8倍を示した。同日に収穫した果実でも果実間で1.7倍の差異がみられ，ORAC値がばらつきやすい品質であることがわかった。また，暦日から判断した適期で収穫した果実で最も高いORAC値を示したことから，抗酸化能の面からも適期収穫果が高品質であることが示唆された。貯蔵期間中のORAC値は貯蔵温湿度に関わらずほぼ一定であった。抗酸化能の高い果実の提供のためには，収穫時点でのORAC値が高いことが重要だと考えられる。The antioxidant capacity of apples harvested in Nagano prefecture was determined using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity （ORAC） method. We measured the ORAC value of six varieties of apple. The effects of harvest date and storage conditions on ORAC value were also investigated in ‘Fuji’. We found that the ORAC value of ‘Kogyoku’ and ‘Fuji’ was the highest out of the six apple cultivars and 1.8 times higher than that of ‘Shinano Gold’. There was 1.7 times difference in ORAC value between individual fruits of ‘Fuji’. The fruits harvested at the optimum time had the highest ORAC value in ‘Fuji’ apples and the value remained stable during storage. The optimum harvest date determined using the calendar and from experience was also optimal in terms of antioxidant capacity

Characteristics of the stone monuments in Saijo, Higashi-Hiroshima City, southwest Japan, and their significance for teaching materials of social studies.

本稿の目的は，広島県東広島市旧西条町に分布する石碑の特徴を明らかにすると共に，小学校や中学校社会科の地域学習における石碑の教材的意義を検討することである。調査の結果，202基の石碑が確認され，寺社や公共施設，溜池などに石碑の立地が多くみられた。石碑の建立年との関連を検討すると，第二次世界大戦の終戦を境に，石碑の主な建立目的が地域社会に貢献した人物や行為の顕彰から，寺社への寄附に関連したものへと変化していったことが明らかになった。社会科教材としての意義については，1）学習指導要領への適合と2）石碑の情報量という観点から検討を行い，石碑のもつ教材的意義を3つに分類した。各分類において，具体的な活用方法を考察し想定される学習の展開を提示した。本稿は，「地域学習」の不振の要因のひとつである，地域に即した資料の不足の改善の一助になると期待される。An objective of this study is to clarify the characteristics and distribution of the stone monuments in Saijo, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture, and discuss their significance for elementary and junior high school social studies teaching materials. Two hundred two monuments were recognized in this area. They were mostly located in temples, shrines, public institutions, roadsides, and irrigation ponds. The purpose of erecting monuments has changed over 150 years from the Meiji era to the present day, which reflects the transition of the history of the local community or local people’s consciousness about their community. All monuments were classified into three levels considering their significance for elementary and junior high school social studies teaching materials: i.e., A. Useful and sufficient information; B. Useful but insufficient information; and C. Others. As a result, we defined 6 monuments as level A, 71 as level B, and 125 as level C. We propose an example of a social studies teaching plan including information about the monuments according to each level. The monuments directly provided information about the history of the local community and the location of historical events; therefore, the teaching plan using information about the monuments has possibility to improve for social studies

The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) for the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE): Mission, science, and instrumentation of its receiver modules

The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) is a science mission led by the European Space Agency, being developed for launch in 2023. The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) is an instrument onboard JUICE, whose main scientific goals are to understand ice tectonics based on topographic data, the subsurface structure by measuring tidal response, and small-scale roughness and albedo of the surface. In addition, from the perspective of astrobiology, it is imperative to study the subsurface ocean scientifically. The development of GALA has proceeded through an international collaboration between Germany (the lead), Japan, Switzerland, and Spain. Within this framework, the Japanese team (GALA-J) is responsible for developing three receiver modules: the Backend Optics (BEO), the Focal Plane Assembly (FPA), and the Analog Electronics Module (AEM). Like the German team, GALA-J also developed software to simulate the performance of the entire GALA system (performance model). In July 2020, the Proto-Flight Models of BEO, FPA, and AEM were delivered from Japan to Germany. This paper presents an overview of JUICE/GALA and its scientific objectives and describes the instrumentation, mainly focusing on Japan’s contribution

Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo

Minimal Symptom Expression' in Patients With Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab

The efficacy and tolerability of eculizumab were assessed in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and its open-label extension