69 research outputs found
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Physical Activity and Weight Gain Prevention in Older Men
Background: Physical activity and adiposity are important predictors of mortality, even in older individuals. However, it is unclear how much physical activity is needed to prevent weight gain in older persons. Purpose To examine the associations of different amounts of physical activity with weight gain prevention in older men. Methods: 5,973 healthy men (mean age, 65.0 y) from the Harvard Alumni Health Study were followed from 1988 to 1998. At baseline (1988), in 1993, and 1998, men reported their recreational physical activity and body weight. Physical activity was categorized as: <7.5 MET-hr/week (7.5 MET-hr/week corresponds to the minimum required by the 2008 US federal guidelines), 7.5 to <21 MET-hr/week (21 MET-hr/week corresponds to the 2002 Institute of Medicine [IOM] guideline), and ≥21 MET-hr/week. Meaningful weight gain was defined as an increase of ≥3% of body weight. Results: Overall, weight tended to be stable over any 5-year period; mean change, −0.08 (SD=4.44) kg. However, ~21% of men experienced meaningful weight gain over any 5-year period. In multivariate analyses, compared to men expending ≥21 MET-hr/week, those expending 7.5 to <21 MET-hr/week had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.77) for meaningful weight gain, and men expending <7.5 MET-hr/week, an OR of 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) (p, trend = 0.09). Conclusions: Among older men, those with lesser levels of physical activity were more likely to gain weight than men satisfying the 2002 IOM guidelines of ≥21 MET-hr/week (~60 minutes per day of moderate-intensity physical activity)
Impact of accelerometer data processing decisions on the sample size, wear time and physical activity level of a large cohort study
Background: Accelerometers objectively assess physical activity (PA) and are currently used in several large-scale epidemiological studies, but there is no consensus for processing the data. This study compared the impact of wear-time assessment methods and using either vertical (V)-axis or vector magnitude (VM) cut-points on accelerometer output. Methods: Participants (7,650 women, mean age 71.4 y) were mailed an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+), instructed to wear it for 7 days, record dates and times the monitor was worn on a log, and return the monitor and log via mail. Data were processed using three wear-time methods (logs, Troiano or Choi algorithms) and V-axis or VM cut-points. Results: Using algorithms alone resulted in "mail-days" incorrectly identified as "wear-days" (27-79% of subjects had >7-days of valid data). Using only dates from the log and the Choi algorithm yielded: 1) larger samples with valid data than using log dates and times, 2) similar wear-times as using log dates and times, 3) more wear-time (V, 48.1 min more; VM, 29.5 min more) than only log dates and Troiano algorithm. Wear-time algorithm impacted sedentary time (~30-60 min lower for Troiano vs. Choi) but not moderate-to-vigorous (MV) PA time. Using V-axis cut-points yielded ~60 min more sedentary time and ~10 min less MVPA time than using VM cut-points. Conclusions: Combining log-dates and the Choi algorithm was optimal, minimizing missing data and researcher burden. Estimates of time in physical activity and sedentary behavior are not directly comparable between V-axis and VM cut-points. These findings will inform consensus development for accelerometer data processing in ongoing epidemiologic studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1210) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users
Olfaction and kidney function in community-dwelling older adults
Background: In older adults, kidney function declines with age. People with advanced kidney diseases may have poor olfaction. However, it is unclear whether poor olfaction is a marker for declining renal function or future risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We therefore investigated olfaction in relation to kidney function and risk of CKD. Methods: These secondary data analyses were limited to participants of the year 3 clinical visit of the Health Aging and Body Composition Study. The analytic sample size varied between 1427 to 2531, depending on participant eligibility and data availability for each analysis. Olfaction was tested using the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT), defined as anosmia (score≤6), hyposmia (7–8), moderate (9–10), and good function (10–11) at baseline. We estimated glomerular filter rate (eGFR) at baseline and seven years later using the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation, and defined incident CKD as eGFR Results: At baseline, compared to participants with good olfaction, the multivariable-adjusted mean eGFR was 3.00 ml/min/1.73m2 lower (95% confidence interval (CI): -5.25, -0.75) for those with anosmia and 1.87 lower (95% CI: -3.94, 0.21) for those with hyposmia with a P for linear trend Conclusion: In older adults > age 70 years, poor olfaction is associated with lower kidney function, but not future CKD risk. These associations should be further investigated in relatively younger population.</p
Revisiting the association of sedentary behavior and physical activity with all-cause mortality using a compositional approach: the Women's Health Study
This research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (CA154647, CA047988, CA182913, HL043851, HL080467, and HL099355). EJS was supported by the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute on Aging. JHM was supported by a Grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU15/02645). CC-S was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC2018-037925-I). Additional funding was provided by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEES) to FBO. The funders had no role in preparing and conducting this manuscript, in interpreting and deciding to publish the results, or in drafting the manuscript. drafting this manuscript. Open Access funding provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).Background: While physical activity has consistently been associated with decreased mortality rates, it remains
unknown if there is a single “ideal” combination of time in physical activities of different intensities and sedentary
behavior (SB) associated with the lowest rate. This study examined the associations of combinations of time in
moderate-to-vigorous intensity (MVPA), higher-light intensity (HLPA), lower-light intensity activities (LLPA), and SB
with mortality rates in older women.
Methods: This prospective cohort study included 16,676 older women from throughout the United States enrolled
in the Women’s Health Study. Women wore accelerometers on their hip from 2011 to 2015 and were followed
through 2017 (mean (SD) of 4.3 (1.1) years). Deaths were confirmed with medical records, death certificates, or the
National Death Index. Compositional Cox regression models were used.
Results: The mean (SD) age was 72 (5.7) years at accelerometer wear; 503 women died. Compared to the least
active women (mean, 3 min/day MVPA, 27 min/day HLPA, 162 min/day LLPA, and 701 min/day SB): compositional
models showed an inverse L-shaped dose-response association of MVPA replacing other behaviors with mortality
rates mortality rates (P = .02); SB relative to LLPA, HLPA, and MVPA was directly associated with mortality rates in a
curvilinear dose-response manner (P < .001); replacing 10 min of SB for MVPA (HR (95% CI) = .86 (.73–.98)) or for
HLPA (HR (95% CI.94 (.88–1.00)) associated with 14 and 6% lower mortality rates, respectively; a 47% risk reduction
(HR [95% CI] = .53 [.42–.64]) was observed among women meeting physical activity guidelines (mean, 36 min/day
MVPA, 79 min/day HLPA, 227 min/day LLPA and 549 min/day SB); and similar mortality rate reductions of 43% (HR
(95% CI) = .57 (.41–.73)) were observed with increases in HLPA and LLPA without increasing MVPA, e.g., reallocating
SB to 90 min/day of HLPA plus 120 min/day of LLPA.
Conclusions: There was no “ideal” combination of physical activities of different intensities and SB associated with
the lowest mortality rates. Of particular relevance to older women, replacing SB with light intensity activity was
associated with lower mortality rates, and “mixing and matching” times in different intensities yielded equivalent
mortality risk reductions.United States Department of Health & Human Services
National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA CA154647
CA047988
CA182913
HL043851
HL080467
HL099355Intramural Research Program at the National Institute on AgingSpanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport FPU15/02645Spanish Government FJC2018-037925-IUniversity of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of ExcellenceScientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEES)United States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - US
Calibration and Cross-Validation of Accelerometer Cut-Points to Classify Sedentary Time and Physical Activity from Hip and Non-Dominant and Dominant Wrists in Older Adults
Accelerometers’ accuracy for sedentary time (ST) and moderate-to-vigorous physical
activity (MVPA) classification depends on accelerometer placement, data processing, activities, and
sample characteristics. As intensities differ by age, this study sought to determine intensity cutpoints at various wear locations people more than 70 years old. Data from 59 older adults were used
for calibration and from 21 independent participants for cross-validation purposes. Participants
wore accelerometers on their hip and wrists while performing activities and having their energy
expenditure measured with portable calorimetry. ST and MVPA were defined as ≤1.5 metabolic
equivalents (METs) and ≥3 METs (1 MET = 2.8 mL/kg/min), respectively. Receiver operator
characteristic (ROC) analyses showed fair-to-good accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.62–0.89).
ST cut-points were 7 mg (cross-validation: sensitivity = 0.88, specificity = 0.80) and 1 count/5 s (crossvalidation: sensitivity = 0.91, specificity = 0.96) for the hip; 18 mg (cross-validation: sensitivity = 0.86,
specificity = 0.86) and 102 counts/5 s (cross-validation: sensitivity = 0.91, specificity = 0.92) for the nondominant wrist; and 22 mg and 175 counts/5 s (not cross-validated) for the dominant wrist. MVPA
cut-points were 14 mg (cross-validation: sensitivity = 0.70, specificity = 0.99) and 54 count/5 s (crossvalidation: sensitivity = 1.00, specificity = 0.96) for the hip; 60 mg (cross-validation: sensitivity = 0.83,
specificity = 0.99) and 182 counts/5 s (cross-validation: sensitivity = 1.00, specificity = 0.89) for the
non-dominant wrist; and 64 mg and 268 counts/5 s (not cross-validated) for the dominant wrist.
These cut-points can classify ST and MVPA in older adults from hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers.University of Pittsburgh Claude D. Pepper Older
Americans Independence Center, Research Registry and Developmental Pilot Grant (no. NIH P30
AG024827)National Institute on Aging Professional Services Contract HHSN271201100605P
supported AREA/DECOSIntramural Research
Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, and by research grants
AG036594, and AG000181 from the National Institutes of HealthBiomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES)FEDER funds from the European Union (CB16/10/00477)Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC2018-037925-I)Plan Propio de
Investigación 2020 from the University of Granada-Programa Contratos-Puent
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Do Moderate‐Intensity and Vigorous‐Intensity Physical Activities Reduce Mortality Rates to the Same Extent?
Background: Limited data exist directly comparing the relative benefits of moderate‐ and vigorous‐intensity activities with all‐cause and cardiovascular (CV) disease mortality rates when controlling for physical activity volume. Methods and Results: We followed 7979 men (Harvard Alumni Health Study, 1988–2008) and 38 671 women (Women's Health Study, 1992–2012), assessing their physical activity and health habits through repeated questionnaires. Over a mean follow‐up of 17.3 years in men and 16.4 years in women, there were 3551 deaths (1077 from CV disease) among men and 3170 deaths (620 from CV disease) among women. Those who met or exceeded an equivalent of the federal guidelines recommendation of at least 150 minutes of moderate‐intensity activity, 75 minutes of vigorous‐intensity activity, or a combination of the 2 that expended similar energy experienced significantly lower all‐cause and CV disease–related mortality rates (men, 28% to 36% and 31% to 34%, respectively; women: 38% to 55% and 22% to 44%, respectively). When comparing different combinations of moderate‐ and vigorous‐intensity activity and all‐cause mortality rates, we observed sex‐related differences. Holding constant the volume of moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity, men experienced a modest additional benefit when expending a greater proportion of moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity in vigorous‐intensity activities (Ptrend=0.04), but women did not (Ptrend<0.001). Moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity composition was not associated with further cardiovascular mortality rate reductions in either men or women. Conclusions: The present data support guidelines recommending 150 minutes of moderate‐intensity activity per week, 75 minutes of vigorous‐intensity activity per week, or an equivalent combination for mortality benefits. Among men, but not women, additional modest reductions in all‐cause mortality rates are associated with a greater proportion of moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity performed at a vigorous intensity
Using Devices to Assess Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in a Large Cohort Study: The Women’s Health Study
In recent years, it has become feasible to use devices for assessing physical activity and sedentary behavior among large numbers of participants in epidemiologic studies, allowing for more precise assessments of these behaviors and quantification of their associations with health outcomes. Between 2011–2015, the Women’s Health Study (WHS) used the Actigraph GT3X+ device to measure physical activity and sedentary behavior over seven days, during waking hours, among 17,708 women (Mage, 72 years) living throughout the United States. Devices were sent to and returned by participants via mail. We describe here the methods used to collect and process the accelerometer data for epidemiologic data analyses. We also provide metrics that describe the quality of the accelerometer data collected, as well as expanded findings regarding previously published associations of physical activity or sedentary behavior with all-cause mortality during an average follow-up of 2.3 years (207 deaths). The WHS is one of the earliest “next generation” epidemiologic studies of physical activity, utilizing wearable devices, in which long-term follow-up of participants for various health outcomes is anticipated. It therefore serves as a useful case study in which to discuss unique challenges and issues faced
Step-Based Metrics and Overall Physical Activity in Children With Overweight or Obesity: Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Best-practice early interventions to increase physical activity (PA) in children with overweight and obesity should be both feasible and evidence based. Walking is a basic human movement pattern that is practical, cost-effective, and does not require complex movement skills. However, there is still a need to investigate how much walking—as a proportion of total PA level—is performed by children who are overweight and obese in order to determine its utility as a public health strategy.
Objective: This study aimed to (1) investigate the proportion of overall PA indicators that are explained by step-based metrics and (2) study step accumulation patterns relative to achievement of public health recommendations in children who are overweight and obese.
Methods: A total of 105 overweight and obese children (mean 10.1 years of age [SD 1.1]; 43 girls) wore hip-worn accelerometers for 7 days. PA volumes were derived using the daily average of counts per 15 seconds, categorized using standard cut points for light-moderate-vigorous PA (LMVPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Derived step-based metrics included volume (steps/day), time in cadence bands, and peak 1-minute, 30-minute, and 60-minute cadences.
Results: Steps per day explained 66%, 40%, and 74% of variance for counts per 15 seconds, LMVPA, and MVPA, respectively. The variance explained was increased up to 80%, 92%, and 77% by including specific cadence bands and peak cadences. Children meeting the World Health Organization recommendation of 60 minutes per day of MVPA spent less time at zero cadence and more time in cadence bands representing sporadic movement to brisk walking (ie, 20-119 steps/min) than their less-active peers.
Conclusions: Step-based metrics, including steps per day and various cadence-based metrics, seem to capture a large proportion of PA for children who are overweight and obese. Given the availability of pedometers, step-based metrics could be useful in discriminating between those children who do or do not achieve MVPA recommendations.MINECO (Ministerio de Economia y COmpetitividad)/FEDER (Fondo Europeo de DEsarrollo Regional)
DEP2013-47540
DEP2016-79512-R
RYC-2011-09011Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport
FPU15/02645
FPU14/06837Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
BES-2014-068829European Union (EU)
667302University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence action: Units of Excellence
University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence action: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)Junta de Andalucia
SOMM17/6107/UGR
RD16/0022Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades
SOMM17/6107/UGR
RD16/0022European Union (EU)
SOMM17/6107/UGR
RD16/0022SAMID III (red de SAlud Materno Infantil y Desarrollo) network, RETICS (REdes Tematicas de Investigacion Cooperativa en Salud) - PN (Plan Nacional) I+D+I (Investigacion + Desarrollo + Innovacion) 2017-2021 (Spain)ISCIII (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion
DEP2005-00046/ACTIEXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations
DEP2005-00046/ACTIIntramural Research Program at the National Institute on Aging, US
Device-measured physical activity, adiposity and mortality: a harmonised meta-analysis of eight prospective cohort studies
Background: The joint associations of total and intensity-specific physical activity with obesity in relation to all-cause mortality risk are unclear. Methods: We included 34 492 adults (72% women, median age 62.1 years, 2034 deaths during follow-up) in a harmonised meta-analysis of eight population-based prospective cohort studies with mean follow-up ranging from 6.0 to 14.5 years. Standard body mass index categories were cross-classified with sample tertiles of device-measured total, light-to-vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time. In five cohorts with waist circumference available, high and low waist circumference was combined with tertiles of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Results: There was an inverse dose–response relationship between higher levels of total and intensity-specific physical activity and mortality risk in those who were normal weight and overweight. In individuals with obesity, the inverse dose–response relationship was only observed for total physical activity. Similarly, lower levels of sedentary time were associated with lower mortality risk in normal weight and overweight individuals but there was no association between sedentary time and risk of mortality in those who were obese. Compared with the obese-low total physical activity reference, the HRs were 0.59 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.79) for normal weight-high total activity and 0.67 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.94) for obese-high total activity. In contrast, normal weight-low total physical activity was associated with a higher risk of mortality compared with the obese-low total physical activity reference (1.28; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.67). Conclusions: Higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower risk of mortality irrespective of weight status. Compared with obesity-low physical activity, there was no survival benefit of being normal weight if physical activity levels were low.publishedVersio
Device-measured physical activity, adiposity and mortality: a harmonised meta-analysis of eight prospective cohort studies.
BACKGROUND: The joint associations of total and intensity-specific physical activity with obesity in relation to all-cause mortality risk are unclear. METHODS: We included 34 492 adults (72% women, median age 62.1 years, 2034 deaths during follow-up) in a harmonised meta-analysis of eight population-based prospective cohort studies with mean follow-up ranging from 6.0 to 14.5 years. Standard body mass index categories were cross-classified with sample tertiles of device-measured total, light-to-vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time. In five cohorts with waist circumference available, high and low waist circumference was combined with tertiles of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. RESULTS: There was an inverse dose-response relationship between higher levels of total and intensity-specific physical activity and mortality risk in those who were normal weight and overweight. In individuals with obesity, the inverse dose-response relationship was only observed for total physical activity. Similarly, lower levels of sedentary time were associated with lower mortality risk in normal weight and overweight individuals but there was no association between sedentary time and risk of mortality in those who were obese. Compared with the obese-low total physical activity reference, the HRs were 0.59 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.79) for normal weight-high total activity and 0.67 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.94) for obese-high total activity. In contrast, normal weight-low total physical activity was associated with a higher risk of mortality compared with the obese-low total physical activity reference (1.28; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.67). CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower risk of mortality irrespective of weight status. Compared with obesity-low physical activity, there was no survival benefit of being normal weight if physical activity levels were low
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