Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH_2(Tyr-W-MIF-1)analogであるTyr-D-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH_2の抗侵害作用におけるμオピオイド受容体の関与について

We have previously reported that Tyr-D-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH_2 (D-Pro^2-Tyr-W-MIF-1) given spinally produces clearly a dose-dependent attenuation of the antinociception induced by Tyr-W-MIF-1 without affecting endomorphins- and[D-Ala^2, NMePhe^4, Gly(ol)^5]-enkephalin (DAMGO)-induced antinociception, and D-Pro^2-Tyr-W-MIF-1 at any doses used (0.025-1.2 nmol) does not show any antinociception or hyperalgesic effect by itself. In the present study, we found that D-Pro^2-Tyr-W-MIF-1 given supraspinally produced the antinociception, which is mediated by stimulation of μ-opioid receptors. D-Pro^2-Tyr-W-MIF-1 (0.5-16 nmol) given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) produced an apparent dose-dependent antinociception. However, at the three highest doses (4, 8 or 16 nmol), there was a ceiling effect (about 30% MPE) where the increase in dose did not lead to a greater effect. The antinociception induced by D-Pro^2-Tyr-W-MIF-1 at a dose of 4 nmol was blocked by i.c.v. co-administration with the μ-opioid receptor antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH_2 (CTOP), but not by i.c.v. pretreatment with the μ_1-opioid receptor antagonist naloxonazine, the κ-opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine, or the δ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole. In contrast, the antinociception induced by DAMGO and Tyr-W-MIF-1 was blocked by i.c.v. co-administration with CTOP or by i.c.v. pretreatment with higher doses of naloxonazine, but not by pretreatment with nor-binaltorphimine or naltrindole. We propose that the antinociception induced by D-Pro^2-Tyr-W-MIF-1 and Tyr-W-MIF-1 is mediated by the stimulation of different subtypes of μ_2-opioid receptors

Characterization of the Soybean Genome Using EST-derived Microsatellite Markers

We generated a high-density genetic linkage map of soybean using expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived microsatellite markers. A total of 6920 primer pairs (10.9%) were designed to amplify simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from 63 676 publicly available non-redundant soybean ESTs. The polymorphism of two parent plants, the Japanese cultivar ‘Misuzudaizu’ and the Chinese line ‘Moshidou Gong 503’, were examined using 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Primer pairs showing polymorphism were then used for genotyping 94 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the parents. In addition to previously reported markers, 680 EST-derived microsatellite markers were selected and subjected to linkage analysis. As a result, 935 marker loci were mapped successfully onto 20 linkage groups, which totaled 2700.3 cM in length; 693 loci were detected using the 668 EST-derived microsatellite markers developed in this study, the other 242 loci were detected with 105 RFLP markers, 136 genome-derived microsatellite markers, and one phenotypic marker. We examined allelic variation among 23 soybean cultivars/lines and a wild soybean line using 668 mapped EST-derived microsatellite markers (corresponding to 686 marker loci), in order to determine the transferability of the markers among soybean germplasms. A limited degree of macrosynteny was observed at the segmental level between the genomes of soybean and the model legume Lotus japonicus, which suggests that considerable genome shuffling occurred after separation of the species and during establishment of the paleopolyploid soybean genome

Complete Genomic Structure of the Bloom-forming Toxic Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843

The nucleotide sequence of the complete genome of a cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843, was determined. The genome of M. aeruginosa is a single, circular chromosome of 5 842 795 base pairs (bp) in length, with an average GC content of 42.3%. The chromosome comprises 6312 putative protein-encoding genes, two sets of rRNA genes, 42 tRNA genes representing 41 tRNA species, and genes for tmRNA, the B subunit of RNase P, SRP RNA, and 6Sa RNA. Forty-five percent of the putative protein-encoding sequences showed sequence similarity to genes of known function, 32% were similar to hypothetical genes, and the remaining 23% had no apparent similarity to reported genes. A total of 688 kb of the genome, equivalent to 11.8% of the entire genome, were composed of both insertion sequences and miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements. This is indicative of a plasticity of the M. aeruginosa genome, through a mechanism that involves homologous recombination mediated by repetitive DNA elements. In addition to known gene clusters related to the synthesis of microcystin and cyanopeptolin, novel gene clusters that may be involved in the synthesis and modification of toxic small polypeptides were identified. Compared with other cyanobacteria, a relatively small number of genes for two component systems and a large number of genes for restriction-modification systems were notable characteristics of the M. aeruginosa genome

Dermorphin analogueであるH-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-β-Ala-OHおよびH-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-β-Ala-NH_2によるcapsaicinおよびsubstance P誘発性SBL行動抑制の違いについて

Intrathecal (i.t.) administration of substance P or capsaicin elicited a characteristic behavioural response consisting of scratching, biting and licking (SBL) in mice. The behavioural response induced by substance P or capsaicin was almost completely inhibited by simultaneous i. t. injection of [D-Ala^2, MePhe^4, Gly(ol)^5] enkephalin (DAMGO), H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-β-Ala-OH (TAPA) or H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-β-Ala-NH_2 (TAPA-NH_2). Pretreatment with naloxonazine significantly antagonized inhibitory action of TAPA-NH_2 on substance Pinduced SBL behavioural response without antagonistic effect against DAMGO and TAPA, while antinociceptive effect of DAMGO, TAPA and TAPA-NH_2 was completely inhibited by the pretreatment with naloxone. TAPA-induced antinociception but not DAMGO-and TAPA-NH_2-induced antinociception on behavioural response produced by i. t. capsaicin was completely inhibited by the pretreatment with naloxonazine, whereas naloxone at a dose of 1 mg/kg s. c. completely antagonized the antinociceptive effect of i. t. co-administered TAPA, DAMGO- or TAPA-NH_2. These results led us to understanding of differential action mechanism of TAPA- and TAPA-NH_2-induced antinociception, as assayed by SBL behavioural response produced by both capsaicin and substance P

A Bridge Circuit for Temperature Drift Cancellation

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Wnt-β-catenin signaling regulates ABCC3 (MRP3) transporter expression in colorectal cancer

Photograph of a scene during the 89ner Day Parade

Complete Genomic Structure of the Bloom-forming Toxic

The nucleotide sequence of the complete genome of a cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-843, was determined. The genome of M. aeruginosa is a single, circular chromosome of 5 842 795 base pairs (bp) in length, with an average GC content of 42.3%. The chromosome comprises 6312 putative protein-encoding genes, two sets of rRNA genes, 42 tRNA genes representing 41 tRNA species, and genes for tmRNA, the B subunit of RNase P, SRP RNA, and 6Sa RNA. Forty-five percent of the putative protein-encoding sequences showed sequence similarity to genes of known function, 32 % were similar to hypothetical genes, and the remaining 23 % had no apparent similarity to reported genes. A total of 688 kb of the genome, equivalent to 11.8 % of the entire genome, were composed of both insertion sequences and miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements. This is indicative of a plasticity of the M. aeruginosa genome, through a mechanism that involves homologous recombination mediated by repetitive DNA elements. In addition to known gene clusters related to the synthesis of microcystin and cyanopeptolin, novel gene clusters that may be involved in the synthesis and modification of toxic small polypeptides were identified. Compared with other cyanobacteria, a relatively small number of genes for two component systems and a large number of genes for restrictionmodificatio