イライ ニ タイスル コトワリ ヒョウゲン ニツイテ

ln this paper,regional and gender differences found in expressions of refusal as used by university students are analyzed, as well as patterns of semantics formulas，forms of apology, forms of explicit refusal，and levels of consideration. lt was found that though the content of the requests were identical, the social position of the addressee as a senior or a junior as well as the respondent's gender were factors in differences of expression. As for regional differences, it was found that the rate of explicit refusal was common for males from the western region, such as the use of the word "impossible" toward juniors，and the value of sample variance was high. Females from the eastern region frequently proposed alternative plans and displayed sympathy, especially toward seniors, and also displayed a low value of consideration. From these characteristics and others, it can be said that regional difference can be counted among the factors for difference in expression

Evaluation of Pulmonary Artery Angioplasty for Lung Cancer Surgery: A Com­parison with Pneumonectomy

We performed pulmonary artery angioplasty in 19 patients with lung cancer. The procedure consists of segmental or wedge resrection of the infiltrated pulmonary artery stem followed by reconstruction to avoid pneumonectomy and preserve pulmonary function. Among these cases &#34;double sleeve resection&#34; was performed in 10 cases. The 5-year survival of the angioplasty patients was poor at a rate of 11&#65285;, but not significantly different from the survival rates for those patients who underwent bronchoplasy alone or pneumonectomy. A promising prognosis may be expected in cases with N0 and N1 lymph node metastasis. However, this procedure may not replace pneumonectmy in patients with intact pulmonary function.</p

Numerical Galaxy Catalog -I. A Semi-analytic Model of Galaxy Formation with N-body simulations

We construct the Numerical Galaxy Catalog ($\nu$GC), based on a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation combined with high-resolution N-body simulations in a $\Lambda$-dominated flat cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) cosmological model. The model includes several essential ingredients for galaxy formation, such as merging histories of dark halos directly taken from N-body simulations, radiative gas cooling, star formation, heating by supernova explosions (supernova feedback), mergers of galaxies, population synthesis, and extinction by internal dust and intervening HI clouds. As the first paper in a series using this model, we focus on basic photometric, structural and kinematical properties of galaxies at present and high redshifts. Two sets of model parameters are examined, strong and weak supernova feedback models, which are in good agreement with observational luminosity functions of local galaxies in a range of observational uncertainty. Both models agree well with many observations such as cold gas mass-to-stellar luminosity ratios of spiral galaxies, HI mass functions, galaxy sizes, faint galaxy number counts and photometric redshift distributions in optical pass-bands, isophotal angular sizes, and cosmic star formation rates. In particular, the strong supernova feedback model is in much better agreement with near-infrared (K'-band) faint galaxy number counts and redshift distribution than the weak feedback model and our previous semi-analytic models based on the extended Press-Schechter formalism. (Abridged)Comment: 26 pages including 27 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ, full-resolution version is available at http://grape.astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~yahagi/nugc

Field Effect of Alcohol, Cigarette Smoking, and Their Cessation on the Development of Multiple Dysplastic Lesions and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Long-term Multicenter Cohort Study

[Background and Aims] Multiple developments of squamous dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the upper aerodigestive tract have been explained by field cancerization phenomenon and were associated with alcohol and cigarette use. Second primary SCC development after curative treatment impairs patients’ quality of life and survival; however, how these consumption and cessation affect field cancerization is still unknown. [Methods] This is a multicenter cohort study including 331 patients with superficial esophageal SCC (ESCC) treated endoscopically and pooled data from 1022 healthy subjects for comparison. Physiological condition in the background esophageal mucosa was classified into 3 groups based on the number of Lugol-voiding lesions (LVLs) per endoscopic view: grade A, 0; grade B, 1–9; or grade C, ≥10 LVLs. Lifestyle surveys were conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Patients were counseled on the need for alcohol and smoking cessation by physicians and were endoscopically surveyed every 6 months. [Results] LVL grades were positively associated with alcohol drinking intensity, flushing reactions, smoking, and high-temperature food and were negatively associated with eating green and yellow vegetables and fruit. Second primary ESCC and head/neck SCC were significantly more prevalent in the grade C LVL (cumulative 5-y incidences 47.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 38.0–57.2 and 13.3%, 95% CI = 8.1–21.5, respectively). Alcohol and smoking cessation significantly reduced the development of second primary ESCC (adjusted hazard ratios 0.47, 95% = CI 0.26–0.85 and 0.49, 95% CI = 0.26–0.91, respectively). [Conclusion] Alcohol drinking, smoking, flushing reaction, and high-temperature food were closely associated with field cancerization, and cessation of alcohol and smoking significantly reduced the risk of development of second primary cancer. UMIN Clinical Trials Registry ID:UMIN000001676

Transient receptor potential channels in Alzheimer's disease

AbstractCognitive impairment and emotional disturbances in Alzheimer's disease (AD) result from the degeneration of synapses and neuronal death in the limbic system and associated regions of the cerebral cortex. An alteration in the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) results in increased production and accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in the brain. Aβ can render neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity and apoptosis by disruption of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and neurotoxic factors including reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and cytokines. Many lines of evidence have suggested that transient receptor potential (TRP) channels consisting of six main subfamilies termed the TRPC (canonical), TRPV (vanilloid), TRPM (melastatin), TRPP (polycystin), TRPML (mucolipin), and TRPA (ankyrin) are involved in Ca2+ homeostasis disruption. Thus, emerging evidence of the pathophysiological role of TRP channels has yielded promising candidates for molecular entities mediating Ca2+ homeostasis disruption in AD. In this review, we focus on the TRP channels in AD and highlight some TRP “suspects” for which a role in AD can be anticipated. An understanding of the involvement of TRP channels in AD may lead to the development of new target therapies

日本睡眠歯科学会口腔内装置診療ガイドライン作成委員会の活動報告

Oral appliance therapy was approved by national health insurance in Japan in 2004 and oral appliances（OAs）have since been widely used in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea（OSA）. We herein described the process of making clinical practice guidelines by the task force of the Japanese Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine as a work report. In Japan, OAs are covered by national health insurance. In consideration of the balance between medical treatment fees and the price of technical materials, we used a single-piece（monoblock）OA that advanced the mandible forward and limited mouth opening in OSA patients in Japan. The Japanese Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine（JADSM）focused on OAs frequently used for the treatment of OSA in Japan, and considered an evaluation of their effects to benecessary. Clinical practice guidelines were developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation（GRADE）system. We recommend OAs that advanced the mandible forward and limited mouth opening for patients with OSA.However, CPAP should be used by patients for whom it has been indicated. OAs are desirable for those who cannot use CPAP（GRADE 1B, strong recommendation/quality of evidence, “Moderate quality”）. The long-term effects and side effects, OSA severity, and comorbidities of OA therapy were not examined, which represented a limitation to the present study. In future studies, the Japanese Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine plan to update clinical practice guidelines for oral appliances used in OSA

エゾバフンウニにおける殻および棘の骨格の成長に関する微細構造学的研究

To investigate the growth mechanism of sea urchin dermal skeletons， the morphology and histotopography of cells and their products in intact and regenerating test plates and spines of Strongylocentrotus intermedius were examined by light and electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). 1． Fibrous elements were abundantly distributed at the sutural areas． Their histochemical characteristics showed that they were collagenous fibers combined with acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. By TEM observations， the fibers were shown to be composed of thick elements having a typical banding Pattern of mammalian collagen fibers and thin fibrils. The collagenous fibers closely enclosed the trabecular surface. Although these fibers seemed to form a microenvironment for mineralization， they were not a constituent of the calcifying matrix． They may play an inhibitory role in the mineralization to control trabecular growth and shape． 2.Five types of cells were identified in the organic stereom of decalcified test plates． Among them， small basophilic cells having elongated cytoplasmic processes，were identified as sclerocytes． They attached closely to trace holes of decalcified trabeculae． Other cells including spherule cells， eosinophilic cells and vacuolated cells seemed to have no direct relation to the formation of skeletal trabeculae． 3・SEM observations revealed that the sclerocytes were covering closely the trabecular surface with numerous elongated cytoplasmic processes， some of which had bladder-like cytoplasmic knots. This feature was particularly conspicuous at the periphery of growing trabeculae， where a meshwork woven by the processes was closely attached． 4． Flat cells having elongated cytoplasmic processes were observed by SEM to appear around the trabecula surface，dominantly on the portion where an erosion caused an enlargement of the stereomal pore space． The flat cells were conspicuous at the sutural areas of young urchins，plates, Also， there were cells having scrubbed brush－like projections． Together with the flat cells， they were regarded as resorbing cells． 5． Five types of coelomocytes， phagocytic leucocytes, spherule cells， vibratile cells， hyaline cells and reniform cells， were identified in the coelomic fluid of S． Intermedius. At clotting in vitro the phagocytic leucocytes formed a basic framework of envelops derived from their cytoplasmic processes. The framework incorporated other coelomocytes to form a stereom-like structure. The vibratile cells were also observed to participate in the clot formation. By behavioral analogy, the phagocytic leucocytes were considered to migrate into the skeletal tissue as progenitor cells of the sclerocytes. 6. In regenerating test and spines, a calcifying vacuole developed in the “primary” sclerocyte was observed to take part in the initiation of mineralization. A crystal grown in this intracellular vacuole at the primary stage was observed to be exposed to the extracellular space as the crystal grew larger． Further growth of the crystal was continued to be surrounded by syncytial cytoplasmic processes of the ”secondary” sclerocytes， Grown-up trabeculae were directly coated by a continuous membrane sheet or beaded small vesicles， These structures suggested a sequential process of two phases of mineralization， intracellular and extracellular， in the regeneration of test plates and spines． 7． Histological and ultrastructural evidence obtained from the ontogenetic and the regenerating test plates and spines showed that growth of skeletal trabeculae of sea urchins may be carried out by sclerocytes transformed from phagocytic leucocytes which were accumulated at the growing site． The sclerocytes may deposit calcite crystals first in intracellular vacuoles and then liberate them in the extracellular space, where cytoplasmic processes of other sclerocytes participate in further growth of the crystals leading to a mature stereom． The assemblage of the elongated cytoplasmic processes may actively contribute to the crystal growth