142 research outputs found
In Search of Individual Freedom: Ford Madox Ford, Phenomenology & Reader-Response Criticism
Ford Madox Ford has often been seen by critics as an author of pure style, writing without philosophic underpinnings for his impressionistic techniques. However, philosophy plays a large role in Ford\u27s workâas a foundation for both his themes and literary theory. This philosophy, phenomenology--the metaphysics of individual experience as opposed to universal determinismâcame into existence during Ford\u27s lifetime. Though Ford may never have read in phenomenology, his works reflect the movement both in what he writes, by emphasizing the individual over the communal experience, and how he writes, using the idea of the neutral author to present objective narration.
The first three chapters explore three of Ford\u27s works--the fairy tale The Queen Who Flew (1894), the novel The Good Soldier (1915), and the tetralogy Parade\u27s End (1924-1928)âand show a growth of phenomenological thought within each. Starting with The Queen Who Flew, Ford portrays the first principle of phenomenology, the importance of individual perspective, a principle found in the early phenomenology of Edmund Husserl. In The Good Soldier, a second stage of phenomenology. Martin Heidegger\u27s discovery of the underlying void and apparent meaninglessness of life, can be seen. Third, Jean-Paul Sartre\u27s ideas of nihilation, freedom, and the self-created being are reflected in Parade\u27s End.
The final chapter applies phenomenology to Ford\u27s literary theory, an early version of reader-response criticism, a literary school of thought which comes from phenomenological philosophy. Three central relationships appear in Ford\u27s critical writings: the relationship between the writer and the word, epitomised by the removal of authorial presence; the relationship between the reader and the writer, marked by humbleness on the part of the writer; and the relationship between the reader and the word, a relationship based on surprise. Etch of these relate back to Ford\u27s major intent, to become the neutral author. Ford\u27s criticism shows his consciously applying the basic ideas of phenomenology to his own writing, allowing readers to arrive at their own subjective interpretations of life as presented in the novel
The Effects of a Duathlon Simulation on Ventilatory Threshold and Running Economy
Multisport events continue to grow in popularity among recreational, amateur, and professional athletes around the world. This study aimed to determine the compounding effects of the initial run and cycling legs of an International Triathlon Union (ITU) Duathlon simulation on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), ventilatory threshold (VT) and running economy (RE) within a thermoneutral, laboratory controlled setting. Seven highly trained multisport athletes completed three trials; Trial-1 consisted of a speed only VO2max treadmill protocol (SOVO2max) to determine VO2max, VT, and RE during a single-bout run; Trial-2 consisted of a 10 km run at 98% of VT followed by an incremental VO2max test on the cycle ergometer; Trial-3 consisted of a 10 km run and 30 km cycling bout at 98% of VT followed by a speed only treadmill test to determine the compounding effects of the initial legs of a duathlon on VO2max, VT, and RE. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to determine differences between variables across trials. No difference in VO2max, VT (%VO2max), maximal HR, or maximal RPE was observed across trials. Oxygen consumption at VT was significantly lower during Trial-3 compared to Trial-1 (p = 0.01). This decrease was coupled with a significant reduction in running speed at VT (p = 0.015). A significant interaction between trial and running speed indicate that RE was significantly altered during Trial-3 compared to Trial-1 (p < 0.001). The first two legs of a laboratory based duathlon simulation negatively impact VT and RE. Our findings may provide a useful method to evaluate multisport athletes since a single-bout incremental treadmill test fails to reveal important alterations in physiological thresholds
Comparison of Methods for Determining Aerobic Exercise Intensity Using Heart Rate in Acute Leukemia Patients Prior to Induction Chemotherapy
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), the gold standard of cardiopulmonary evaluation, is used to determine VO2 levels at different aerobic exercise training intensities; however, it may not be feasible to conduct CPET in all clinical settings
Los efectos de los ejercicios de resistencia sobre varios mĂşsculos y niveles de fatiga en pacientes con cĂĄncer de mama
Os efeitos de programas generalizados de atividade fĂsica no combate ao câncer e aos efeitos colaterais de seu tratamento tĂŞm sido amplamente relatados na literatura. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de examinar os efeitos de um programa de prescrição de exercĂcio fĂsico individualizado, com ĂŞnfase no treinamento resistido, na força muscular e nos nĂveis de fadiga em pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama em tratamento. Vinte mulheres foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos, sendo um experimental (57,5 Âą 23,0 anos) e um controle (56,6 Âą 16,0 anos). O grupo experimental exercitou-se, apĂłs a cirurgia, durante 60 minutos, de forma moderada, duas vezes por semana, durante 21 semanas. A força muscular total foi avaliada antes e apĂłs o tratamento e os nĂveis de fadiga foram avaliados em trĂŞs momentos durante o treinamento. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas na força muscular total entre os grupos apĂłs o treinamento (p = 0,025). Os nĂveis de fadiga diminuĂram significativamente entre os grupos apĂłs a primeira (p = 0,001) e a segunda (p = 0,005) intervenção e ao final do tratamento (p = 0,001). Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os exercĂcios resistidos devem ser incluĂdos na prescrição de exercĂcios no combate da fadiga e na melhoria da força muscular em mulheres com câncer de mama, submetidas a tratamento.The effects of generalized exercise programs to combat cancer and cancer treatment-related side effects have been extensively reported in the literature. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an individualized exercise program with emphasis on resistance exercise, changes in muscular strength and fatigue in breast cancer female patients under treatment. Twenty subjects were randomly divided in two groups: an experimental (57.5 Âą 23.0 years) and a control (56.6 Âą 16.0 years) group. A twenty-one week intervention involving pre- and post-functional assessments, prescriptive exercise, and three moments of fatigue measures was used. The experimental group exercised at a low to moderate-intensity for sixty minutes two days a week beginning after surgery. Significant differences in overall muscular strength were observed between groups post-intervention (p = 0.025). Fatigue was also significantly different between groups at treatment one (p = 0.001), treatment two (p = 0.005) and post-intervention (p = 0.001). The results of this study suggest that an emphasis on resistance training should be utilized to combat fatigue and to increase muscular strength in breast cancer patients undergoing treatment.Los efectos de programas generalizados de actividad fĂsica de combate al cĂĄncer y los efectos colaterales de su tratamiento vienen siendo bastante estudiados. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido el de examinar los efectos de un programa prescrito de ejercicio fĂsico individual, con ĂŠnfasis en el entrenamiento resistido, en la fuerza muscular y en los niveles de fatiga en pacientes portadoras de cĂĄncer de mama en tratamiento. Veinte mujeres fueron divididas aleatoriamente en dos grupos, siendo uno de ellos el experimental (57,5 Âą 23,0 aĂąos) y el otro de control (56,6 Âą 16,0 aĂąos). El grupo experimental se ejercitĂł despuĂŠs de una cirugĂa durante 60 minutos, de forma moderada, dos veces por semana, durante 21 semanas. La fuerza muscular total fue evaluada antes y despuĂŠs del tratamiento y los niveles de fatiga fueron evaluados en cuatro momentos durante los ejercicios. Fueron encontradas diferencias significativas en la fuerza muscular total entre los grupos despuĂŠs de los ejercicios (p = 0,025). Los niveles de fatiga disminuyeron significativamente entre los grupos despuĂŠs de la primera (p = 0,001) y la segunda (p = 0,005) intervenciĂłn y al final del tratamiento (p = 0,001). Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los ejercicios resistidos deben ser incluidos en la prescripciĂłn de ejercicios de combate a la fatiga y en la mejorĂa de la fuerza muscular en mujeres con cĂĄncer de mama sometidas a tratamiento
Effect of exercise on the caloric intake of breast cancer patients undergoing treatment
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an exercise intervention on the total caloric intake (TCI) of breast cancer patients undergoing treatment. A secondary purpose was to determine whether or not a relationship existed between changes in TCI, body fat composition (%BF), and fatigue during the study, which lasted 6 months. Twenty females recently diagnosed with breast cancer, scheduled to undergo chemotherapy or radiation, were assigned randomly to an experimental (N = 10) or control group (N = 10). Outcome measures included TCI (3-day food diary), %BF (skinfolds), and fatigue (revised Piper Fatigue Scale). Each exercise session was conducted as follows: initial cardiovascular activity (6-12 min), followed by stretching (5-10 min), resistance training (15-30 min), and a cool-down (approximately 8 min). Significant changes in TCI were observed among groups (F1,18 = 8.582; P = 0.009), at treatments 2 and 3, and at the end of the study [experimental (1973 Âą 419), control (1488 Âą 418); experimental (1946 Âą 437), control (1436 Âą 429); experimental (2315 Âą 455), control (1474 Âą 294), respectively]. A significant negative correlation was found (Spearman rho(18) = -0.759; P < 0.001) between TCI and %BF and between TCI and fatigue levels (Spearman rho(18) = -0.541; P = 0.014) at the end of the study. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that an exercise intervention administered to breast cancer patients undergoing medical treatment may assist in the mitigation of some treatment side effects, including decreased TCI, increased fatigue, and negative changes in body composition
Age-Related Differences and Reliability on Computerized and Paper-and-Pencil Neurocognitive Assessment Batteries
Neurocognitive testing is a recommended component in a concussion assessment. Clinicians should be aware of age and practice effects on these measures to ensure appropriate understanding of results
ĐŃОйНивОŃŃŃ ŃĐžŃĐźŃĐ˛Đ°Đ˝Đ˝Ń ŃаПОŃŃŃĐšĐ˝ĐžŃ ĐżŃСнаваНŃĐ˝ĐžŃ Đ´ŃŃĐťŃнОŃŃŃ ĐźĐ°ĐšĐąŃŃĐ˝ŃŃ ŃŃиŃоНŃв ПаŃоПаŃики
(uk) ĐŁ ŃŃĐ°ŃŃŃ ĐˇŃОйНонО ŃĐżŃĐžĐąŃ ŃОСкŃиŃи ĐžŃОйНивОŃŃŃ ŃаПОŃŃŃĐšĐ˝ĐžŃ ĐżŃСнаваНŃĐ˝ĐžŃ Đ´ŃŃĐťŃнОŃŃŃ ĐźĐ°ĐšĐąŃŃĐ˝ŃŃ
вŃиŃоНŃв; Đ´ĐžŃĐťŃĐ´ĐśŃŃŃŃŃŃ ŃŃĐˇĐ˝Ń ĐżŃĐ´Ń
Оди Đ´Đž ŃŃОгО пОнŃŃŃŃ; ŃОСкŃиваŃŃŃŃŃ ŃĐ°ĐşŃ ĐšĐžĐłĐž ŃкНадОвŃ, ŃĐş ŃаПОŃŃŃКнŃŃŃŃ, ĐżŃСнаваНŃна ŃаПОŃŃŃКнŃŃŃŃ, ĐżŃСнаваНŃна Đ´ŃŃĐťŃĐ˝ŃŃŃŃ.(ru) Đ ŃŃĐ°ŃŃĐľ ŃдоНана пОпŃŃка ŃĐ°ŃĐşŃŃŃŃ ĐžŃОйоннОŃŃи ŃаПОŃŃĐžŃŃоНŃнОК пОСнаваŃоНŃнОК Đ´ĐľŃŃоНŃнОŃŃи ĐąŃĐ´ŃŃиŃ
ŃŃиŃоНоК; иŃŃНодŃŃŃŃŃ ŃаСНиŃĐ˝ŃĐľ пОдŃ
ĐžĐ´Ń Đş ŃŃĐžĐźŃ ĐżĐžĐ˝ŃŃиŃ; ŃĐ°ŃĐşŃŃваŃŃŃŃ Ńакио огО ŃĐžŃŃавНŃŃŃио, как ŃаПОŃŃĐžŃŃоНŃнОŃŃŃ, пОСнаваŃоНŃĐ˝Đ°Ń ŃаПОŃŃĐžŃŃоНŃнОŃŃŃ, пОСнаваŃоНŃĐ˝Đ°Ń Đ´ĐľŃŃоНŃнОŃŃŃ
Efficient Genetic Method for Establishing Drosophila Cell Lines Unlocks the Potential to Create Lines of Specific Genotypes
Analysis of cells in culture has made substantial contributions to biological research. The versatility and scale of in vitro manipulation and new applications such as high-throughput gene silencing screens ensure the continued importance of cell-culture studies. In comparison to mammalian systems, Drosophila cell culture is underdeveloped, primarily because there is no general genetic method for deriving new cell lines. Here we found expression of the conserved oncogene RasV12 (a constitutively activated form of Ras) profoundly influences the development of primary cultures derived from embryos. The cultures become confluent in about three weeks and can be passaged with great success. The lines have undergone more than 90 population doublings and therefore constitute continuous cell lines. Most lines are composed of spindle-shaped cells of mesodermal type. We tested the use of the method for deriving Drosophila cell lines of a specific genotype by establishing cultures from embryos in which the warts (wts) tumor suppressor gene was targeted. We successfully created several cell lines and found that these differ from controls because they are primarily polyploid. This phenotype likely reflects the known role for the mammalian wts counterparts in the tetraploidy checkpoint. We conclude that expression of RasV12 is a powerful genetic mechanism to promote proliferation in Drosophila primary culture cells and serves as an efficient means to generate continuous cell lines of a given genotype
A randomized controlled trial of interventions to enhance patient-physician partnership, patient adherence and high blood pressure control among ethnic minorities and poor persons: study protocol NCT00123045
Potential efficacy of mitochondrial genes for animal DNA barcoding: a case study using eutherian mammals
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A well-informed choice of genetic locus is central to the efficacy of DNA barcoding. Current DNA barcoding in animals involves the use of the 5' half of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (<it>CO1</it>) to diagnose and delimit species. However, there is no compelling <it>a priori </it>reason for the exclusive focus on this region, and it has been shown that it performs poorly for certain animal groups. To explore alternative mitochondrial barcoding regions, we compared the efficacy of the universal <it>CO1 </it>barcoding region with the other mitochondrial protein-coding genes in eutherian mammals. Four criteria were used for this comparison: the number of recovered species, sequence variability within and between species, resolution to taxonomic levels above that of species, and the degree of mutational saturation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Based on 1,179 mitochondrial genomes of eutherians, we found that the universal <it>CO1 </it>barcoding region is a good representative of mitochondrial genes as a whole because the high species-recovery rate (> 90%) was similar to that of other mitochondrial genes, and there were no significant differences in intra- or interspecific variability among genes. However, an overlap between intra- and interspecific variability was still problematic for all mitochondrial genes. Our results also demonstrated that any choice of mitochondrial gene for DNA barcoding failed to offer significant resolution at higher taxonomic levels.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We suggest that the <it>CO1 </it>barcoding region, the universal DNA barcode, is preferred among the mitochondrial protein-coding genes as a molecular diagnostic at least for eutherian species identification. Nevertheless, DNA barcoding with this marker may still be problematic for certain eutherian taxa and our approach can be used to test potential barcoding loci for such groups.</p
- âŚ