Drug and Environment Parameters of Pharmacy Places

This study consists of two parts; the first part is measuring the temperature and relative humidity of twenty pharmacy shops and pharmacy refrigerators in Erbil city. The temperature inside nine types of different drug bottles is also measured. The results show that temperature and humidity inside pharmacy places and refrigerators are higher than the standard temperature (25C) and relative humidity (35%) of drugs. The temperature inside the drug bottles would be higher if compared with environment temperature. Second parts, the optical properties of the drug bottles are studied by using UV-VIS spectrophotometer, where they are used to analyze the optical properties of the drug bottles. The result shows a maximum value of transmittance ranging from 0% to 88% depending on the types of the drug bottles. Optical transmittance of 25–88% in the visible range has been observed in all samples, high UV transmittance (5%-70%) in %77 samples and infrared (up to 38%-88 % are observed in %88 samples.)

Drug and Environment Parameters of Pharmacy Places

This study consists of two parts; the first part is measuring the temperature and relative humidity of twenty pharmacy shops and pharmacy refrigerators in Erbil city. The temperature inside nine types of different drug bottles is also measured. The results show that temperature and humidity inside pharmacy places and refrigerators are higher than the standard temperature (25C) and relative humidity (35%) of drugs. The temperature inside the drug bottles would be higher if compared with environment temperature. Second parts, the optical properties of the drug bottles are studied by using UV-VIS spectrophotometer, where they are used to analyze the optical properties of the drug bottles. The result shows a maximum value of transmittance ranging from 0% to 88% depending on the types of the drug bottles. Optical transmittance of 25–88% in the visible range has been observed in all samples, high UV transmittance (5%-70%) in %77 samples and infrared (up to 38%-88 % are observed in %88 samples.)

Pioglitazone Treatment Increases Survival and Prevents Body Weight Loss in Tumor-Bearing Animals: Possible Anti-Cachectic Effect

Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by profound involuntary weight loss, fat depletion, skeletal muscle wasting, and asthenia; all symptoms are not entirely attributable to inadequate nutritional intake. Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle loss during cancer cachexia development has been described systematically. the former was proposed to precede and be more rapid than the latter, which presents a means for the early detection of cachexia in cancer patients. Recently, pioglitazone (PGZ) was proposed to exhibit anticancer properties, including a reduction in insulin resistance and adipose tissue loss; nevertheless, few studies have evaluated its effect on survival. for greater insight into a potential anti-cachectic effect due to PGZ, 8-week-old male Wistar rats were subcutaneously inoculated with 1 mL (2x10(7)) of Walker 256 tumor cells. the animals were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: TC (tumor + saline-control) and TP5 (tumor + PGZ/5 mg). Body weight, food ingestion and tumor growth were measured at baseline and after removal of tumor on days 7, 14 and 26. Samples from different visceral adipose tissue (AT) depots were collected on days 7 and 14 and stored at -80oC (5 to 7 animals per day/group). the PGZ treatment showed an increase in the survival average of 27.3%(P<0.01) when compared to TC. It was also associated with enhanced body mass preservation (40.7 and 56.3%, p<0.01) on day 14 and 26 compared with the TC group. the treatment also reduced the final tumor mass (53.4%, p<0.05) and anorexia compared with the TC group during late-stage cachexia. the retroperitoneal AT (RPAT) mass was preserved on day 7 compared with the TC group during the same experimental period. Such effect also demonstrates inverse relationship with tumor growth, on day 14. Gene expression of PPAR-gamma, adiponectin, LPL and C/EBP-alpha from cachectic rats was upregulated after PGZ. Glucose uptake from adipocyte cells (RPAT) was entirely re-established due to PGZ treatment. Taken together, the results demonstrate beneficial effects of PGZ treatment at both the early and final stages of cachexia.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Univ Mogi das Cruzes, Integrated Grp Biotechnol, Lab Adipose Tissue Biol, Mogi Das Cruzes, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Inst Biomed Sci, Canc Metab Res Grp, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Inst Biomed Sci, Physiol Lab, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Maringa, Dept Physiol Sci, Maringa, Parana, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biomed Engn, Sao Jose Dos Campos, BrazilBoston Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biomed Engn, Sao Jose Dos Campos, BrazilFAPESP: 2010/51078-1FAPESP: 2008/54091-9FAPESP: 2012/51094-1Web of Scienc

Maxwell Model of Traffic Flows

We investigate traffic flows using the kinetic Boltzmann equations with a Maxwell collision integral. This approach allows analytical determination of the transient behavior and the size distributions. The relaxation of the car and cluster velocity distributions towards steady state is characterized by a wide range of velocity dependent relaxation scales, $R^{1/2}<\tau(v)<R$, with $R$ the ratio of the passing and the collision rates. Furthermore, these relaxation time scales decrease with the velocity, with the smallest scale corresponding to the decay of the overall density. The steady state cluster size distribution follows an unusual scaling form $P_m \sim ^{-4} \Psi(m/< m>^2)$. This distribution is primarily algebraic, $P_m\sim m^{-3/2}$, for $m\ll ^2$, and is exponential otherwise.Comment: revtex, 10 page

A review of Monte Carlo simulations of polymers with PERM

In this review, we describe applications of the pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method (PERM), a sequential Monte Carlo algorithm with resampling, to various problems in polymer physics. PERM produces samples according to any given prescribed weight distribution, by growing configurations step by step with controlled bias, and correcting "bad" configurations by "population control". The latter is implemented, in contrast to other population based algorithms like e.g. genetic algorithms, by depth-first recursion which avoids storing all members of the population at the same time in computer memory. The problems we discuss all concern single polymers (with one exception), but under various conditions: Homopolymers in good solvents and at the $\Theta$ point, semi-stiff polymers, polymers in confining geometries, stretched polymers undergoing a forced globule-linear transition, star polymers, bottle brushes, lattice animals as a model for randomly branched polymers, DNA melting, and finally -- as the only system at low temperatures, lattice heteropolymers as simple models for protein folding. PERM is for some of these problems the method of choice, but it can also fail. We discuss how to recognize when a result is reliable, and we discuss also some types of bias that can be crucial in guiding the growth into the right directions.Comment: 29 pages, 26 figures, to be published in J. Stat. Phys. (2011

A mathematical and computational review of Hartree-Fock SCF methods in Quantum Chemistry

We present here a review of the fundamental topics of Hartree-Fock theory in Quantum Chemistry. From the molecular Hamiltonian, using and discussing the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, we arrive to the Hartree and Hartree-Fock equations for the electronic problem. Special emphasis is placed in the most relevant mathematical aspects of the theoretical derivation of the final equations, as well as in the results regarding the existence and uniqueness of their solutions. All Hartree-Fock versions with different spin restrictions are systematically extracted from the general case, thus providing a unifying framework. Then, the discretization of the one-electron orbitals space is reviewed and the Roothaan-Hall formalism introduced. This leads to a exposition of the basic underlying concepts related to the construction and selection of Gaussian basis sets, focusing in algorithmic efficiency issues. Finally, we close the review with a section in which the most relevant modern developments (specially those related to the design of linear-scaling methods) are commented and linked to the issues discussed. The whole work is intentionally introductory and rather self-contained, so that it may be useful for non experts that aim to use quantum chemical methods in interdisciplinary applications. Moreover, much material that is found scattered in the literature has been put together here to facilitate comprehension and to serve as a handy reference.Comment: 64 pages, 3 figures, tMPH2e.cls style file, doublesp, mathbbol and subeqn package

Field template-based design and biological evaluation of new sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitors

Purpose: Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) is a protooncogenic enzyme expressed in many human tumours and is associated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis. It is a potent therapy target and its inhibition chemosensitises solid tumours. Despite recent advances in SK1 inhibitors synthesis and validation, their clinical safety and chemosensitising options are not well described. In this study, we have designed, synthesised and tested a new specific SK1 inhibitor with a low toxicity profile. Methods: Field template molecular modelling was used for compound design. Lead compounds were tested in cell and mouse cancer models. Results: Field template analysis of three known SK1 inhibitors, SKI-178, 12aa and SK1-I, was performed and compound screening identified six potential new SK1 inhibitors. SK1 activity assays in both cell-free and in vitro settings showed that two compounds were effective SK1 inhibitors. Compound SK-F has potently decreased cancer cell viability in vitro and sensitised mouse breast tumours to docetaxel (DTX) in vivo, without significant whole-body toxicity. Conclusion: Through field template screening, we have identified a new SK1 inhibitor, SK-F, which demonstrated antitumour activity in vitro and in vivo without overt toxicity when combined with DTX

Lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate promote morphogenesis and block invasion of prostate cancer cells in three-dimensional organotypic models

Normal prostate and some malignant prostate cancer (PrCa) cell lines undergo acinar differentiation and form spheroids in three-dimensional (3-D) organotypic culture. Acini formed by PC-3 and PC-3M, less pronounced also in other PrCa cell lines, spontaneously undergo an invasive switch, leading to the disintegration of epithelial structures and the basal lamina, and formation of invadopodia. This demonstrates the highly dynamic nature of epithelial plasticity, balancing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition against metastable acinar differentiation. This study assessed the role of lipid metabolites on epithelial maturation. PC-3 cells completely failed to form acinar structures in delipidated serum. Adding back lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) rescued acinar morphogenesis and repressed invasion effectively. Blocking LPA receptor 1 (LPAR1) functions by siRNA (small interference RNA) or the specific LPAR1 inhibitor Ki16425 promoted invasion, while silencing of other G-protein-coupled receptors responsive to LPA or S1P mainly caused growth arrest or had no effects. The G-proteins Gα12/13 and Gαi were identified as key mediators of LPA signalling via stimulation of RhoA and Rho kinases ROCK1 and 2, activating Rac1, while inhibition of adenylate cyclase and accumulation of cAMP may be secondary. Interfering with these pathways specifically impeded epithelial polarization in transformed cells. In contrast, blocking the same pathways in non-transformed, normal cells promoted differentiation. We conclude that LPA and LPAR1 effectively promote epithelial maturation and block invasion of PrCa cells in 3-D culture. The analysis of clinical transcriptome data confirmed reduced expression of LPAR1 in a subset of PrCa's. Our study demonstrates a metastasis-suppressor function for LPAR1 and Gα12/13 signalling, regulating cell motility and invasion versus epithelial maturation