Quantitative Determination of Norepinephrine by HPLC in Rodent Urine Sample

Abstract Norepinephrine, a key neurotransmitter that has been linked to a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases. However, there is limited work on employing HPLC-UV to estimate monoamines in biological samples using HPLC-UV method. The present study explores the detection of norepinephrine in rat urine sample, developing a easy, precise validated HPLC method. The o-phosphoric acid (80%):acetonitrile (70:30) combination was used as the mobile phase, and a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min was used to produce the chromatographic separation on a C8 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 m). The detection was observed at λmax 275 nm with better sensitivity. According to the parameters indicated in the ICH guidelines (Q2A; Q2B), the procedure was verified. The linearity range was selected from 10-35 µg/mL, r2 =0.966, LOD (1.17 µg/mL), LOQ (3.55 µg/mL), ret. time (4 min). The technique has demonstrated that it is repeatable and recoverable within the given range. Thus can be used for routine analysis of norepinephrine in urine samples

Gastroretentive drug delivery system of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide bilayer tablet: formulation, optimization and in vivo evaluation

The purpose of the present study was to develop and optimize floating-bioadhesive bilayer gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) exhibiting a unique combination of floatation and bioadhesion to prolong residence in the stomach using captopril (CP) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) as a model drug. Captopril being unstable in intestinal pH and HCTZ has specific absorption from duodenum and the first part of the jejunum and to a small extent in the stomach are suitable candidate for GRDDS. 32 factorial design was employed in formulating and optimizing the GRDDS for bilayer tablet of CP and HCTZ matrix tablet. The main effect and interaction terms were quantitatively evaluated using a mathematical model. The gastroretentive ability of the tablets was evaluated by X-radiographic studies in healthy human volunteer. The tablet releases CP and HCTZ for extended period up to 24 h in controlled manner. The predicted values agreed well with the experimental values and the results demonstrate the feasibility of the optimization methodology in the development of GRDDS. The tablet was buoyant for up to 16 h in human stomach. Development of once a day gastroretentive formulation of CP and HCTZ improves the patience compliance and bioavailability of drugs.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Gastroretentive drug delivery system of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide bilayer tablet: formulation, optimization and in vivo evaluation

The purpose of the present study was to develop and optimize floating-bioadhesive bilayer gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) exhibiting a unique combination of floatation and bioadhesion to prolong residence in the stomach using captopril (CP) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) as a model drug. Captopril being unstable in intestinal pH and HCTZ has specific absorption from duodenum and the first part of the jejunum and to a small extent in the stomach are suitable candidate for GRDDS. 32 factorial design was employed in formulating and optimizing the GRDDS for bilayer tablet of CP and HCTZ matrix tablet. The main effect and interaction terms were quantitatively evaluated using a mathematical model. The gastroretentive ability of the tablets was evaluated by X-radiographic studies in healthy human volunteer. The tablet releases CP and HCTZ for extended period up to 24 h in controlled manner. The predicted values agreed well with the experimental values and the results demonstrate the feasibility of the optimization methodology in the development of GRDDS. The tablet was buoyant for up to 16 h in human stomach. Development of once a day gastroretentive formulation of CP and HCTZ improves the patience compliance and bioavailability of drugs.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Preliminary Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Plumeria Obtuse Seed Pods

Plumeria obtuse L. (Apocynaceae) is an ornate outdoor plant. The plant was traditionally used during accidentalinjuries. However, the pharmacognosy of this plant is very poorly explored. Therefore, we have conducted this study to assess the distinctive qualities of the P. obtusa. To investigate P. obtusa seed pods’ preliminary pharmacognostic, physical-chemical, phytochemical, microscopic, and phytoconstituent potential. Initially, the shape and microscopic characteristics of plant seed pods were assessed. Physicochemical analysis was used for the standardization. Utilizing several chemical techniques, phytoconstituents were evaluated qualitatively. This was followed by quantitative estimation and analytical profiling of various phytoconstituents. The basic characteristics of the seed pod have been documented by macroscopy to be its brown color, sweet aroma, bitter flavor, coarse texture, and rough fracture. Microscopy showed the existence of vascular bundles, lignified fibers, calcium oxalate crystals and arteries. The results of the physicochemical analysis revealed no foreign organic matter, 2.8 % weight-average moisture content and a high total ash value of 14.80 compared to an acid insoluble ash value of 0.70, which indicated that there was less inorganic matter in the plant. The extractive values were 3.93, 6.03 and 10.16 % w/w for water soluble, alcohol soluble and hydro-alcoholic soluble extracts respectively. Flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, phenolic constituents, tannins and carbohydrates were found during early phytochemical analysis. Instrumental analysis has given an idea about functional groups present whereas GCMS technique helped in identification of phytoconstituents. The results of this study can be significantly used as a reference support for quality control and standardization of P. obtusa and preparation of a monograph of plant

Gastroretentive drug delivery system of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide bilayer tablet: formulation, optimization and in vivo evaluation

The purpose of the present study was to develop and optimize floating-bioadhesive bilayer gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) exhibiting a unique combination of floatation and bioadhesion to prolong residence in the stomach using captopril (CP) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) as a model drug. Captopril being unstable in intestinal pH and HCTZ has specific absorption from duodenum and the first part of the jejunum and to a small extent in the stomach are suitable candidate for GRDDS. 32 factorial design was employed in formulating and optimizing the GRDDS for bilayer tablet of CP and HCTZ matrix tablet. The main effect and interaction terms were quantitatively evaluated using a mathematical model. The gastroretentive ability of the tablets was evaluated by X-radiographic studies in healthy human volunteer. The tablet releases CP and HCTZ for extended period up to 24 h in controlled manner. The predicted values agreed well with the experimental values and the results demonstrate the feasibility of the optimization methodology in the development of GRDDS. The tablet was buoyant for up to 16 h in human stomach. Development of once a day gastroretentive formulation of CP and HCTZ improves the patience compliance and bioavailability of drugs.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Travel Vaccination

With increased globalization, the international boundaries between countries are diminished. Number of worldwide activities such as tourism, expansion of industry to multinational level, migrant employment, civilized efforts, international education etc. have been greater than before. The number of international tourists has grown up by an average 5% a year since 2010 with around 517 million international tourists across globe between January and June 2014 [1]. Traveling for any reasons to certain areas may raise the risk of infection because of difference in hygienic settings, food and water sources, disease pattern, environment, and immunization exposure. In few areas across world, new diseases have emerged and older diseases have re-emerged However, very few travelers take health advice during their travel. This article discusses the perspective for use of travel vaccines and associated healthcare concern which will help minimize travel-related illnesses while aximizing safe and successful journey.</p

Post-marketing surveillance study to assess the safety and tolerability of an Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine in Indian children

Objective: To evaluate the incidence of adverse events following administration of an Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) manufactured by Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India. Methods: A single 0.5 ml dose of the IPV was administered intramuscularly to children attending private clinics or out-patient department of hospitals for routine immunization across different cities in India. They were observed over a period of 30 d for local or systemic adverse events and rare case of anaphylaxis, if any. Results: A total of 2210 children were enrolled of which 2120 children received the vaccine within primary immunization series and 90 children received booster dose. The common adverse events reported were pain, erythema, swelling and fever. No serious adverse event was reported during the study period. Conclusions: Poliomyelitis vaccine (Inactivated) manufactured by Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune can be safely administered to children following the Expanded Programme on Immunization or World Health Organization recommended immunization schedule

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTANT SPEED VARIABLE DISCHARGE PUMP FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS

The project works deals with design &amp; development of constant speed variable discharge pump for lathe machine. In this project the constant discharge pump is replaced by variable pump using constant speed motor. The aim of project is to obtain the variabledischarge of pump which is used for achieving various speed in various operations. The variation of discharge is achieved by arrangement of cam and follower and by using linkage to vary the discharge. For achieving variable discharge the important parameters which are to be studied are distance of linkage, cam and follower, angle of linkage. For designing cam and linkage the CATIA software is used. The testing is done by calculating time for various discharge

On the brink of transformation: Clinical research

The research on drug development life cycle and bringing sole new drug to the market is a million dollar question for pharmaceutical organization. Any clinical trial consumes average of 10 to 15 years and USD 1.5-2.0 billion with uncertainty of medications for its effectiveness for human use. Hardly, one out of 10 compounds entering into the clinical trial that reaches to the market rendering a major loss to pharmaceutical or biotech company in case of trial failure. Conversely, with changing time and an increase in the number of medicines approved by regulatory authorities, the regulatory teams are increasing networks for monitoring and assembling adverse event reports from varied sources. This in turn, has increases annual exponential rise in data volumes and the companies are facing a huge challenge in processing it. To meet such challenges, organizations must sharpen their ability to introduce new wearables for clinical trials and provide advanced cognitive solution to handle large and complex datasets. This has summoned concepts like Artificial Intelligence to expedite medical science and clinical trial and pharmacovigilance attain success