Point Focusing X-Ray Monochromator for Low Angle Scattering Studies

A point focusing x-ray monochromator was designed and constructed for low angle scattering studies. The anastigmatic point focus is achieved by means of two cylindrically bent quartz crystals whose focal circles are mutually perpendicular. The beam, emanating from the copper target of an x-ray tube, is reflected in succession, first from the crystal defining the horizontal focal circle and, second from the crystal defining the vertical focal circle following which it comes to a mono­chromatic point focus of wavelength 1.537 Å (Cu Kα1). The sample to be studied is placed between the second crystal and the point focus, and the scattered beam is detected by means of a photographic plate placed at the point focus, at right angles to the undeviated beam, the latter being suppressed by means of an absorber. Mathematical analysis, in which a ray was traced through the two crystal system, revealed correctly the shape and size of the point focus, and the possibility of reducing the latter in size by stopping down the beam emerging from the target. The instrument and its lining up procedure is described in detail, particularly the latter since the orientation of the two crystals relative to each other and the x-ray tube involve twelve degrees of freedom. Suggestions for improving the intensity of the instrument are made. These consist of (1) substitution of topaz crystals for quartz, (2) use of helium atmosphere instead of air to surround the x-ray beam (3) reorientation of the x-ray tube to permit smaller angles of emergence of the beam. As a trial run for the instrument, the scattering patterns of two kinds of carbon black (good scatterers) were obtained from which the average particle sizes and size distributions were calculated.</p

A Point Focusing Monochromator for the Study of Low-Angle X-Ray Diffraction: Determining the Size Distributions of Carbon Blacks and a Precision Determination of the Size of Dow Latex Particles

A point focusing x-ray monochromator was designed and constructed for low angle scattering studies. The anastigmatic point focus is achieved by means of two cylindrically bent quartz crystals whose focal circles are mutually perpendicular. The beam, emanating from the copper target of an x-ray tube, is reflected in succession, first from the crystal defining the horizontal focal circle and, second from the crystal defining the vertical focal circle following which it comes to a mono chromatic point focus of wavelength 1.537 A (Cu Ko(1). The sample to be studied is placed between the second crystal and the point focus, and the scattered beam is detected by means of a photographic plate placed at the point focus, at right angles to the undeviated beam, the latter being suppressed by means of an absorber. Mathematical analysis, in which a ray was traced through the two crystal system, revealed correctly the shape and size of the point focus, and the possibility of reducing the latter in size by stopping down the beam emerging from the target. The instrument and its lining up procedure is described in detail, particularly the latter since the orientation of the two crystals relative to each other and the x-ray tube involve twelve degrees of freedom. Suggestions for improving the intensity of the instrument are made . These consist of (1) substitution of topaz crystals for quartz, (2) use of helium atmosphere instead of air to surround the x-ray beam (3) reorientation of the x-ray tube to permit smaller angles of emergence of the beam. As a trial run for the instrument, the scattering patterns of two kinds of carbon black (good scatterers) were obtained from which the average particle sizes and size distributions were calculated

A Point Focusing X-Ray Monochromator for the Study of Low Angle Diffraction

A point focusing x‐ray monochromator was designed and constructed for low angle scattering studies. The anastigmatic point focus is achieved by means of two cylindrically bent quartz crystals whose focal circles are mutually perpendicular. The beam, emanating from the copper target of an x‐ray tube, is reflected in succession, first from the crystal defining the horizontal focal circle, and second from the crystal defining the vertical focal circle following which it comes to a monochromatic point focus of wavelength 1.537A (CuKα_1). The sample to be studied is placed between the second crystal and the point focus, and the scattered beam is detected by means of a photographic film placed at the point focus, at right angles to the undeviated beam, the latter being suppressed by means of an absorber, or allowed to pass through a hole in the film. Mathematical analysis, in which a ray was traced through the two‐crystal system, revealed correctly the shape and size of the point focus, and the possibility of reducing the latter in size by stopping down the beam emerging from the target

Latex Particle Size Determination Using Diffraction Peaks Obtained with the Point Focusing X-Ray Monochromator

We describe the results of experiments we have made, using the point focusing monochromator as the primary tool, to determine the particle size of latex spheres. The suitability of the instrument for this particular study is described and the experimental data obtained are tabulated, these data coming from our experiments with three physically distinct samples of Dow latex. We attempt to make a critical interpretation of the data by considering separately several possible space arrangements which the latex spheres might assume when the water, which is initially the suspending fluid, is evaporated. Corrections for the finite size and shape of the "point" focus are described. The absence of a significant difference in the mean particle sizes of the three samples considered is established. The data from all three samples is combined to yield a mean particle diameter under an external pressure of one atmosphere of 2687.5A with a statistical standard deviation of 1.2A and a fixed (systematic) error estimated to be not more than ±7A