The <i>Xia Shang Zhou Duandai Gongcheng Baogao</i> 夏商周斷代工程報告 and Its Chronology of the Western Zhou Dynasty

The Xia-Shang Zhou Chronology Project was a five-year state-sponsored project, carried out between 1995–2000, to determine an absolute chronology of the Western Zhou dynasty and approximate chronologies of the Xia and Shang dynasties. At the end of the five years, the Project issued a provisional report entitled Report on the 1996–2000 Provisional Results of the Xia-Shang Zhou Chronology Project: Brief Edition detailing its results. A promised full report was finally published in 2022: Report on the Xia-Shang Zhou Chronology Project. Although numerous discoveries in the more than twenty years between the publications of the Brief Edition and the Report have revealed that the Project's absolute chronology of the Western Zhou is fundamentally flawed, and some of the problems are acknowledged by the Report, still the Report maintains the Project's chronology without any correction. In the review, I present four of these discoveries, from four different periods of the Western Zhou, discussing their implications for the Project's chronology. I conclude with a call for some sort of authoritative statement acknowledging the errors in the report. “夏商周斷代工程”是中國政府從 1995 年到 2000 年支持的五年學術項目，目的是為了判斷西周時代絕對年代框架以及夏代和商代的大約年代。在 2000 年，這個項目公布了一種階段性的報告，題做《夏商周斷代工程 1996–2000 年階段成果報告：簡本》。二十多年以後，在 2022 年“夏商周斷代工程”終於出版了正式報告，即《夏商周斷代工程報告》。正如《夏商周斷代工程報告》也承認的那樣，這二十多年以來眾多考古發現顯示了原來的西周年代框架含有嚴重問題，甚至有絕對錯誤。雖然如此，《夏商周斷代工程報告》毫無改變地繼承了《夏商周斷代工程 1996–2000 年階段成果報告：簡本》的年代框架。本文對二十年以來代表西周時代四個不同的階段的四種發現作簡單的介紹，及其對“夏商周斷代工程”的結論作評論。最後，我還指出根據學術道德，“夏商周斷代工程”的相關領導有責任公開地指出《夏商周斷代工程報告》的問題。</p

The Theme of Salvation in Six Novels of Graham Greene

An examination of Graham Greene, his writing, and its relationship with Catholic teachings through an anaylsis of the Catholicity of his characters

Managed Care for Elderly People: A Compendium of Findings

Although managed care seems to serve well the in terests of non-elderly enrollees and their payers, elderly people face more risks. Chronic conditions, multiple prob lems, and more limited resources make them more vul nerable, whereas multiple payer sources make them more complicated to cover. This synthesis of managed care de livered in Medicare and Medicaid demonstration projects serving elderly beneficiaries shows that managed care plans either select or attract enrollees who suffer fewer frailties than those served in fee-for-service settings, ex hibit reluctance to enter rural markets, provide a broad range of elderly-specific services, offer more compre hensive coverage and services, and result in greater per ceived access problems, particularly for vulnerable subgroups. Plans operate more cheaply by using fewer resources, even after adjusting for case mix differences. Managed care enrollees tend to be more satisfied with financial and coverage aspects, whereas fee-for-service enrollees report higher satisfaction on other dimensions. In acute care settings, process of care findings were mixed, whereas clinical and self-reported outcome indi cators were no better and in some instances worse in managed care. Long-term care enrollees, in the few stud ies reported, consistently faired worse in both the processes and outcomes of care. These findings suggest that further research on the effects of managed care in its rapidly changing incarnations is needed, particularly with respect to how to improve the quality of acute and long-term care delivered to elderly people and the proper role of government and other key actors in the health care system.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66514/2/10.1177_106286069801300304.pd

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

WSES guidelines for management of Clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients

In the last two decades there have been dramatic changes in the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), with increases in incidence and severity of disease in many countries worldwide. The incidence of CDI has also increased in surgical patients. Optimization of management of C difficile, has therefore become increasingly urgent. An international multidisciplinary panel of experts prepared evidenced-based World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for management of CDI in surgical patients.Peer reviewe

Unearthing The Chinese Classics

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the status of the Chinese Classics was precarious, with many intellectuals regarding them as the root of modern China’s problems. These intellectuals advocated burying the Classics along with the rest of the past. However, the Classics have not been so easy to kill; moreover, they will not stay buried. Now, more than one hundred years later, the Classics continue quite literally to come up out of China’s soil. Throughout the modern period, China’s e..

Exhumer les Classiques chinois

Au début du xxe siècle, le sort des Classiques chinois était précaire, nombre d’intellectuels les considérant comme la source des problèmes de la Chine moderne et préconisant de les enfouir avec les vestiges du passé. Mais les Classiques ne sont ni morts, ni enterrés. Aujourd’hui, plus d’un siècle plus tard, ils continuent littéralement à sortir de terre. Pendant toute la période moderne, le rapport de la Chine à ses Classiques s’est fait avec le pinceau du lettré dans une main et la pelle d..

Sources of Western Zhou history: inscribed bronze vessels

The thousands of ritual bronze vessels discovered by China's archaeologists serve as the major documentary source for the Western Zhou dynasty (1045-771 B.C.). These vessels contain long inscriptions full of detail on subjects as diverse as the military history of the period, the bureaucratic structure of the royal court, and lawsuits among the gentry. Moreover, being cast in bronze, the inscriptions preserve exactly the contemporary script and language.Shaughnessy has written a meticulous and detailed work on the historiography and interpretation of these objects. By demonstrating how the inscriptions are read and interpreted, Shaughnessy makes accessible in English some of the most important evidence about life in ancient China