The Appropriate Legal Standard and Sufficient Economic Evidence for Exclusive Dealing under Section 2: the FTC’s \u3ci\u3eMcWane\u3c/i\u3e Case

The FTC recently found McWane, Inc. liable for unlawful monopoly maintenance by a 3-1 majority. The dispute among the FTC Commissioners raises important and interesting issues regarding the law and economics of exclusive dealing and the proper evaluation of the competitive effects of exclusionary conduct. Commissioner Wright’s Dissent proposes and utilizes a new legal standard that requires the plaintiff to show “clear evidence” of harm to competition before shifting the burden to the defendant to show procompetitive efficiency benefits. This burden of proof and production on the plaintiff is much higher than showing “probable effect” based on a preponderance of the evidence standard. Application of this higher burden to interbrand exclusivity restraints by monopolists is not supported either by the case law, economic theory or empirical evidence. In evaluating harm to competition, this legal standard places no weight on certain important factors, including the fact that McWane was a monopolist with the explicit purpose of raising the costs and reducing the distribution of its only competitors. His proposed standard also does not consider whether McWane’s efficiency claims were valid, in the absence of other clear evidence of competitive harm. Commissioner Wright limits his economic analysis to only a single possible mechanism of exclusionary effect, whether the entrant was prevented from reaching minimum efficient scale of production, rather than a broader analysis of whether the entrant’s costs were raised or whether its ability to expand output was so limited by the exclusives that it was unable to prevent the maintenance of McWane’s monopoly pricing. Commissioner Wright also fails to credit the direct evidence of price effects found by the Commission. In our view, this proposed type of legal standard and economic approach is not an “enquiry meet for the case.” It creates a serious risk of leading to false negatives, under-enforcement and under-deterrence

SISTEM PENYETORAN PAJAK MELALUI APLIKASI PEMBAYARAN PAJAK PT. POS INDONESIA(PERSERO) BANDA ACEH

Banda Ace

Brief guide of trumpet playing technique analysis case study: trumpet concerto in ab major by Alexander Arutunian / Sharir Sharis Ismail

The purpose of study is to educate the individual that want to find out about the trumpet especially the person which wanted to involve in the classical kind of music. Other than that, in this research also will helps the individual that like to find out about the technical side of trumpet playing or maybe want to improve their technical ability. And the important part of it is, the research is for the person who wants to starts or the individual that interested of find out bout the trumpet concerto and the approach of playing this kind of piece. In order to, for the scope of this study, the author prefers to focus on 'Trumpet Concerto in Ab Major' that composed by Alexander Arutunian. Therefore, it can be used as a main reference and guideline for student to start with

Risk for Developmental Delay in Non-Syndromic Craniosynostosis

Non-syndromic craniosynostosis is a craniofacial condition where there is a premature fusion of a calvarial suture. There are four subtypes of craniosynostosis, each one reflecting the suture that is fused (metopic, sagittal, coronal synostosis, and lambdoid synostosis). Research suggests that non-syndromic craniosynostosis is associated with an increased risk of developmental delay, behavioral problems, and learning disabilities. This was an archival study with 30 participants being treated at the Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital Craniofacial Team Center. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between risk for developmental delay and type of craniosynostosis using the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener. The study also investigated the relationship between risk for developmental delay and surgical treatment. Results indicated a significant relationship between subtypes of craniosynostosis and risk for developmental delay, with sagittal craniosynostosis being more likely to be at low risk for delay than metopic and coronal synostoses. There was no relationship between risk for delay and surgical treatment, likely due to a small sample size. Exploratory analyses indicated that children with craniosynostosis were more likely to be at risk for developmental delay than the general population aged 0-2 years. Future studies should focus on longitudinal designs

Numerical Modelling of Bird Strike on Aerospace Structures by means of Coupling FE-SPH

This article offers a parametric mechanics investigation in defining the correlation between the parameters of a wing-body during a bird strike collision. A commercial software of LS-Dyna is used to compute the numerical modelling manifested in this research. In this study, it is an attempt to form a definitive work based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) formulation by recognising the most critical influencing parameters in the bird-strike computation and verify the simulation with the experiment data. For instance, an idealised bird is modelled as a cylindrical shape with hemispherical ends to maintain the homogeneity and symmetry using SPH approach. Moreover, an aluminium alloy rigid flat plate is modelled as a shell element plate in the finite element model (FEM). Here, internal energy vs time for different plate thickness graph are plotted to observe the difference of absorbed energy during the impact. Such conditions are considered in this research from the sight of bird strike impact under multiple states (structural thickness) and constraints (bird size). The obtained computational results are in adjacent agreement with the experimental results published in another literature

2-Chloro­ethyl 2-(2-chloro­phen­yl)-2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro­thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl)acetate

The mol­ecular packing of the title compound, C17H17Cl2NO2S, is stabilized by weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl inter­actions. The ester chain is almost planar with a mean deviation of 0.0605 Å and makes dihedral angles of 71.60 (4) and 74.70 (8)° with the benzene ring and the thio­phene ring, respectively. The benzene and thio­phene rings make a dihedral angle of 84.22 (7)°

5-(2-Chloro­benz­yl)-4,5,6,7-tetra­hydro­thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl acetate

In the title compound, C16H16ClNO2S, the benzene and thio­phene rings make a dihedral angle of 72.60 (4)°. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O inter­actions are observed

3-Bromo­propyl 2-(2-chloro­phen­yl)-2-(4,5,6,7-tetra­hydro­thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl)acetate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C18H19BrClNO2S, weak C—H⋯O inter­actions help to establish the packing

Modeling and simulation of a quarter car model with a nonlinear damper

An empirical investigation of a simple passenger quarter car model is presented. A differential equation of a quarter car model is carried out using MATLAB. Experiments are performed on a passive damper suspension to obtain the characteristics of a nonlinear damper, namely, the backbone of Force versus Velocity curves in which describes nonlinear effects that depend on varying frequencies and amplitudes of the road profile. The backbone is used to find the polynomial equations up to the order of 4 are applied. Results using the experimental parameters and the simulation models are obtained so that comparisons with respect to the performance of the damper are made. A road profile is then used to simulate a quarter car models using these nonlinear equations. Analysis of the results includes position, velocity, and acceleration of the sprung and unsprung masses of the model in a range of frequencies with respect to the input road profile