Efekti protoka vodе na neke faktore rasta pastrmke i kvalitet vode u zatvorenim sistemima gajenja

Efekti nivoa protoka vode na uzgoj pastrmke ispitani su u toku 35 dana eksperimenta. U tankove su naseljene ribe mase 5,5 g i dužine 6,7 cm. Četiri različite brzine vode (0; 3,5; 7; 10,5 cm/s) ispitane su kroz tri ponavljanja. Ovi različiti protoci obezbeđeni su ponovnim korišćenjem izlazne vode iz svake uzgojne jedinice. Kod oglednih riba ocenjena je dužina, težina, dnevni prirast (DGR), specifična stopa rasta (SGR), factor kondicije (CF) i stopa preživljavanja (SR). Takođe, istovremeno su ispitane promene NO2, NO3, NH3, NH4+, ukupne tvrdoće i pH vode u svakom tretmanu. Analiza varijanse podataka o kvalitetu vode pokazala je veoma značajne razlike između svih tretmana u toku prve nedelje (p<0,01). Međutim, ovi rezultati nisu zabeleženi u toku nastavka eksperimenta. Krajnji rezultati pokazali su veoma značajne razlike (p<0,01) u svim tretmanima u pogledu faktora koji su ispitivani kod mlađi. Na osnovu rezultata Dankanovog testa, najbolja stopa preživljavanja (97%), dnevni prirast (1), SGR (6%) i prosečna težina (24 g) postignuti su pri brzini protoka od 10,5 cm/s

DNA as an enzyme: The effect of imidazole derivatives as cofactors and metal ions as activators or inhibitors

Objective: a highly sensitive spectrofluorometric method using dichlorofluorescin (LDCF) was employed to study the rate of electron transfer reaction in presence of DNA and some imidazole derivatives. Results: in our experiments, DNA possessed a unique enzyme like catalytic function in oxidative conversion of nonfluorescent LDCF to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF). The rate enhancement was associated with the turn over constant: kp � 10 s1 for DNA and cinnamoyl imidazole as a cofactor. A biphasic saturation curve was observed when the reaction velocities were measured at fixed concentrations of DNA and variable amounts of carnosine. Each of the biphasic trends gave the Scatchard values of Vm1/Km1 � 3.1 105 and Vm2/Km2 � 5.1 106 with Km1 � 2.7 105 M and Km2 � 4.2 104 M for carnosine. Although Ni (II) and Pb (II) induced inhibition in the rate of electron transfer reaction in presence of DNA and cinnamoyl imidazole or carnosine, metal ions such as Mg (II), Cd (II), Zn (II) and Fe (II) caused activation of DNA. The rates of the reactions showed strong dependency on electronegativity and conductivity of metal ions, namely the increase in activity of DNA in presence of each metal ion correlated inversely with the electronegativities of the metal and was also related directly to the conductivities of individual metal. These effects were observed both in activation and also inhibition of DNA reaction. Imidazole compounds, e.g., Histidine, N-trans cinnamoyl imidazole and imidazole along with Cd (II) produced further rate enhancement. The increase was several times greater with N-trans cinnamoyl imidazole. Conclusions: this effect could provide additional evidence for the importance of an intermediary cofactor that could facilitate the transfer of the electron from the reaction site to the DNA conductive chord. This was most guaranteed by the conjugated system provided by a compound such as N-trans cinnamoyl imidazole. © 2003 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. All rights reserved. Keywor

Quality of Services in the Hospitals of Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Quality of hospital services leads to increased patient satisfaction and ultimately improves hospital performance. This study aimed to review the quality of services in the hospitals of Iran. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out in 2018. Articles related to assessing quality of services in hospitals were searched in seven electronic databases, until September 2018 and appraised. Finally, 15 articles were selected and analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results: According to the random effect model, the overall average score of patients' perception and expectation of the quality of hospital care in Iran were 7.19 (95% CI: 6.63-7.75) and 9.53 (95% CI: 8.99-10.07), respectively. The overall average score of patients' expectation of the quality of hospital care was higher in central provinces and educational hospitals. The average perception and expectation of the quality of services score decrease with increased time (P=0.0001) and increased with increase in sample size (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Overall, the quality of hospital services was lower than patients' expectations. Therefore, health managers and policy-makers should take serious steps for identifying patients' expectation and their dissatisfaction and enhance the quality of hospital services using managerial strategies. Keywords: services quality, hospital, SERVQUAL, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, Ira

The study of artificial propagation efficiency and fingerlings production of Coregonus lavaretus

In order to study of the artificial propagation efficiency in white fish (Coregonus lavaretus) and its fingerlings producing in IRAN, a 9 mounts study project was been done which during it, the characteristics of the matures and brood stocks fishes, the condition of their natural and artificial propagation, and the characteristics of produced frys, were been studied. Throughout the total 82 pieces caught fishes during September til February 2003, 10 pieces of them were the female brood stocks which during the catch time did not have spouse. The study of these fishes showed that there was no significant correlation between their weight and their length. The most and the least absolute fecundity of these brood stocks were 19120 and 11496 respectively. The artificial propagation was been done by 5 males and 4 females broods took which 57602 ova, with 89/2% fertilization rate, earned from them. The incubation period prolonged 55 days in 8°c. At the end of the incubation, 23913 larvae released. So the artificial propagation efficiency was calculated 41/51% in this study. Yolk sack absorption prolonged 4 days. 3 different food treatment were considered for fry breeding which contain of Brachiouns plicatilis as live food, salmon starter food as commercial food, and the mixed of equal amounts of live and commercial foods as third treatment. For each treatment, 3 repeat has been considered. Breeding duration prolonged 13 weeks throughout this period, different characteristics of fry were been studied weekly. The breeding results showed that there was very significant correlation between the weight and the length of frys. However the live food provided better results in growth and survival rate of frys during breeding initial 6 weeks. More ever, commercial food, in some characteristics, provided more acceptable results in comparing the live food after sixth week. The results of this study project showed that the artificial propagation in whitefish is possible in IRAN and the producing of its frys in order to restocking or introducing this species to the other Iranian suitable water resources is executable. Based on the earned information from this study, the suitable time for natural spawning of whitefish in IRAN (Amirkabir dam lake) determined between 10th January til 20th February

The effects of different dietary levels of organic and inorganic selenium on some growth performance and proximate composition of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Selenium, a trace mineral complement is used as cofactor of antioxidant enzymes that protects fishes against environmental stress agents and enhances performance in fishes. In this study the different levels of organic and inorganic source of selenium were included in juvenile rainbow trout diet to evaluate feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain percent (WG), condition factor (CF), survival rate (SR) and proximate analysis of the fillet during 60 days of the experiment. The fishes were allotted to 9 treatment groups including: Tc the fishes were fed diet without any selenium, control group; To1, To2, To3 and To4 the fishes were fed different dosages of inorganic [sic] selenium; and Ti1, Ti2, Ti3 and Ti4 those were fed different dose of inorganic Se in their diet. Results showed that To4, showed the highest level of WG from 50±2.8 to 168.54± 25.56 g in comparison to Tc (134.38± 27.26g) (p<0.05). Average initial total length of fishes (19± 1.12 centimeters) increased to 21.1± 1.12 cm in Tc and 22.46± 1.25 cm in To4 significantly (p<0.05). Among all treatments, FCR, SGR, WG, CF and SR were improved in To3 group. Also carcass protein increased in To4 (32.58±1.22%) on the contrary of Ti4 (22.43±1.51%) (p<0.05). As a general conclusion, dietary incorporation of organic selenium at 0.45 mg/kg showed satisfactory results in some growth parameters and was a useful supplement in salmonid fish diets

Effect of dietary phytase and wheat bran on some growth performances and phosphorus absorption function of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry

In this study, the effect of dietary phytase and wheat bran on some growth performances and phosphorus absorption function of common carp fry for 60 days was assessed. A total number of 180 common carp fry (20±1 initial weight) was randomly distributed in six experimental groups including, control group without any additive (basal diet), T1 (basal diet+2000 IU/Kg phytase), T2 (basal diet+4000 IU/Kg phytase), T3 (basal diet+20 g/Kg wheat bran), T4 (basal diet+40 g/Kg wheat bran) and T5 (basal diet+2000 IU/Kg phytase+20 g/Kg wheat bran). The highest body weight (150.02±4.76 g), specific growth rate (0.65±0.19%), and condition factor (3.20±0.26%) was observed in T5 (p<0.05). However, the lowest FCR (2.53±0.70) was seen in T5 (p<0.05). Also, the highest phosphorus concentration in the fry bones (2.54±0.003 ppm) was recorded in T5 (p<0.05). Results showed that using of 2000 IU/Kg phytase and 20 g/Kg wheat bran in the diet can improve growth indices and phosphorus absorption rate of common carp fry

Effects of different levels of dietary glucosamine on some growth performance, serum immune and biochemical indices of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of different dietary levels of glucosamine on growth performance, serum biochemical and immune indices of Siberian sturgeon. Fish (9.3 ± 0.4 g initial weight) in 12 fiberglass tanks with a density of 15 fish/tank were randomly distributed and fed with different levels of glucosamine including: 0 (control), 250, 750 and 1500 mg per kg of diet (C0, T250, T750 and T1500, respectively) for 56 days. Based on the results, the highest final weight (63.1 ± 1.6 g), weight gain (54.14 ± 1.82 g), body weight increase (558.28 ± 23.23%), and specific growth rate (3.36 ± 0.08%/day) were observed in T1500 compared to the other treatments (p 0.05). The results of the serum immune indices exhibited that the highest levels of IgM (38.1 ± 0.5 mg/dL), C3 (5.20 ± 0.17 mg/dL) and C4 (20.72 ± 1.0 mg/dL) were observed in T1500 compared to other experimental treatments (p < 0.05). On the other hand, by increasing glucosamine concentration, the activity of hepatic enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase was decreased and the lowest levels were observed in T1500 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, glucosamine, especially at the level of 1500 mg/kg of diet, displayed positive effects on the growth and immune indices of juvenile Siberian sturgeon

Nutritional value and heavy metal content of fishmeal from the Southwest Caspian Sea

This study aimed to evaluate some nutritional values and heavy metal contents of fishmeal produced by the commercial factories in Guilan Province, the Southwest Caspian Sea. The fishmeal samples were randomly collected from five factories producing fishmeal by Kilka (Clupeonella spp.) (units 1-4) and tuna canning offal (unit 5) as the raw materials. Proximate fish composition, amino acid contents and four heavy metal concentrations including chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) were measured in the fishmeal specimens. Crude protein contents were found to be in the range of 53.61-68.82% and the lowest value belonged to the unit 5. Also, the highest level of fat and ash contents were 22.49% and 18.05%, respectively (p < 0.05). The lowest essential: nonessential amino acid ratio was 0.71 in unit 5. Fishmeal specimens from unit 5 showed the highest metal concentrations with the following descending order: Cr > Cd > Pb > Hg. Results indicated that the heavy metal concentrations in the fishmeal are dependent on the source of raw materials. The heavy metal concentrations in the examined fishmeal did not exceed the permissible limits proposed by National Research Council (NRC) for animal feedstuff requirements