360 research outputs found
Association of Plasma Total Cysteine and Anthropometric Status in 6β30 Months Old Indian Children
High-quality protein has been associated with child growth; however, the role of the amino acid cysteine remains unclear. The aim was to measure the extent to which plasma total cysteine (tCys) concentration is associated with anthropometric status in children aged 6β30 months living in New Delhi, India. The study was a prospective cohort study including 2102 children. We calculated Z-scores for height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ), or weight-for-age (WAZ) according to the WHO Child Growth Standards. We used multiple regression models to estimate the association between tCys and the anthropometric indices. A high proportion of the children were categorized as malnourished at enrolment; 41% were stunted (HAZ β€ β2), 19% were wasted (WHZ β€ β2) and 42% underweight (WAZ β€ β2). Plasma total cysteine (tCys) was significantly associated with HAZ, WHZ and WAZ after adjusting for relevant confounders (p 25th percentile. In young Indian children from low-to-middle socioeconomic neighborhoods, a low plasma total cysteine concentration was associated with an increased risk of poor anthropometric status.publishedVersio
Be-10 age constraints on latest Pleistocene and Holocene cirque glaciation across the western United States
Paleoclimate: A rocky reworking of Holocene glaciology New dating of glacially-deposited rocks substantially revises our understanding of the waxing and waning of ice since the last glacial maximum. Glaciologists have long thought that moraines throughout the western United States represent βneoglacialβ advances about 6,000 years ago. Now, a multi-institution team led by Shaun Marcott at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has found β using cosmogenic isotopes β that these terminal deposits left by advancing glaciers are instead 9,000 to 15,000 years old. The research advances prior work by using absolute, not relative ages, and documents that glaciers retreated after the last glacial maximum ~ 21,000 years ago, fluctuated locally throughout much of the Holocene, and re-advanced during the Little Ice Age of a few hundred years ago. Glacial advances that might have occurred during the neoglacial were wiped away by the more extensive glaciations of the Little Ice Age
Dynamics investigation in the Venus upper atmosphere
The O_2 nightglow emissions in the infrared spectral range are important features to investigate dynamics at the mesospheric altitudes, in the planetary atmosphere. In this work, we analyzed the profiles obtained at limb by the VIRTIS spectrometer on board the Venus Express mission, acquired during the mission period from 2006-07-05 to 2008-08-15 to investigate possible gravity waves characteristics at the airglow altitudes. Indeed, several profiles present double peaked structures that can be interpreted as due to gravity waves. In analogy to the Earth's and Mars cases, we use a well-known theory to model the O_2 nightglow emissions affected by gravity waves propagation, in order to support this thesis and derive the waves properties. We discuss results from 30 profiles showing double peaked structures, focusing on vertical wavelength and wave amplitude of the possible gravity waves. On average, the double peaked profiles are compatible with the effects of gravity waves with a vertical wavelength ranging between 7 and 16 km, and wave amplitude of 3-14%. A comparison with gravity waves properties in the Mars and Earth's atmospheres, using the same theory, is also proposed \citep{altieri_2014}. \ The research is supported by ASI (contract ASI-INAF I/050/10/0)
Foveoschisis prediction based analysis of macular retina OCT-scan. Part II. Prediction of microcavity growth in retinal foveoschisis
ΠΠ°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ Π²ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² Π· Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ»Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ, ΡΠ° Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΉ Π°ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈ. Π£ Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΡΠΏΠΎΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°- ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠΉ Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
- ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Ρ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ, Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π·ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ³ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ² Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄Π°Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠΎΠ².ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ° Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°- ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅. Π ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡ. Π ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ - ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
.ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ½ Π² ΠΎΠ±'ΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΡ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ.ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.Introduction. Increasing the number and size of microcavities in the retina is an
important clinical manifestation of foveoschisis progression. However, there are no
data about the patterns change shape and size of microcavities in the retina in the
foveoschisis progression. Purpose. To develop quantitative criteria for predicting
foveoschisis development in high axial myopia based on the average concentration
of microcavities in retinal volume and based on the energy balance in the framework of nonlinear elastic-plastic medium.
Material and methods. We examined 7 patients (14 eyes) with high axial myopia
and myopic maculopathy. All patients underwent a spectral optical coherence tomography. Mathematical methods in the theory of destruction of elastic and elastic-plastic materials were applied.
Results. The quantitative criteria for predicting foveoschisis development in high
axial myopia based on the average concentration of microcavities in retinal volume and based on the energy balance in the framework of nonlinear elastic-plastic
medium was set. In the first case in the formula for calculating the risk of progression foveoschisis accounted size of the plastic stress at the edge of a void in the
retina, the distance between the micro-cavities. In other there is a
merge of microcavities and progression foveoschisis. In the second case, the mathematical solution is reduced to the determination of destruction energy disclosure
in a continuous medium. This takes into account the Poisson ratio of the retina, the Youngβs modulus, the intraocular pressure, the size of a void in the retina, the
stress intensity factor in the thickness of the retina. Practical use of the criteria
found to predict foveoschisis progression involves determining intraocular pressure
and the maximum linear dimension of a void in the thickness of the retina according to the spectral optical coherence tomography. In the calculations, take into
account the biophysical properties of the retina
Challenges and research priorities to understand interactions between climate, ice sheets and global mean sea level during past interglacials
Quaternary interglacials provide key observations of the Earth system's responses to orbital and greenhouse gas forcing. They also inform on the capabilities of Earth system models, used for projecting the polar ice-sheet and sea-level responses to a regional warmth comparable to that expected by 2100 C.E. However, a number of uncertainties remain regarding the processes and feedbacks linking climate, ice-sheet and sea-level changes during past warm intervals. Here, we delineate the major research questions that need to be resolved and future research directions that should be taken by the paleoclimate, sea-level and ice-sheet research communities in order to increase confidence in the use of past interglacial climate, ice-sheet and sea-level reconstructions to constrain future predictions. These questions were formulated during a joint workshop held by the PAGES-INQUA PALSEA (PALeo constraints on SEA level rise) and the PAGES-PMIP QUIGS (QUaternary InterGlacialS) Working Groups in September 2018.PAGE
Foveoschisis prediction based on analysis of macular retina OPT scan. Part 1. Elementary accumulation mechanism of volumetric mechanical stress in the retina
ΠΠ°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ Π²ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² Π· Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ»Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ, ΡΠ° Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΉ Π°ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈ. Π£ Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΡΠΏΠΎΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°- ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠΉ Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
- ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Ρ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ, Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π·ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ³ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ² Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄Π°Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠΎΠ².ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ° Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°- ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅. Π ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡ. Π ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ - ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
.ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ½ Π² ΠΎΠ±'ΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΡ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ.ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.Introduction. At present mechanisms of retinal property changes in foveoschisis
have not been studied; there is no mathematical model of foveoschisis development.
Purpose. To develop a mathematical model of the mechanism of retinal property
changes in foveoschisis.
Material and methods. We examined 7 patients (14 eyes) with high axial myopia
and myopic maculopathy. All patients underwent a spectral optical coherence tomography.
Mathematical methods in the theory of destruction of elastic and elastic-
plastic materials were applied.
Results. There are posterior staphyloma and myopic foveoschisis diagnosed in all
patients with high axial myopia. Potential causes of foveoschisis progressing can
be divided into extraretinal and intraretinal ones. The extraretinal causes are the presence of vitreoretinal traction and posterior myopic staphyloma. The intraretinal
causes are the appearance of micropores in the outer plexiform layer of the
retina. In describing the processes occurring during foveoschisis there were applied
physical laws describing the deformation and fracture occurring in composite materials.
The presence of micropores in the retinal tissue in foveoschisis concentration
leads to significant mechanical stress, which will be more substantial impact
on the elastoplastic properties of the retina, the higher is their concentration. There
was discussed the nature of the increase in stress in the retina in foveoschisis. The
above analysis can be the basis excluding the effects of the plastic around the micropores,
which will allow to formulate specific quantitative criteria in foveoschisis
in future
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Objectives. Due to their structures, pentaerythritol esters have a number of appealing properties such as high viscosity index when used as oils and excellent compatibility with polyvinyl chloride when used as plasticizers. For the production of pentaerythritol and carboxylic acids, natural gas can be used as a feedstock, which implies a strategic development of the petrochemical industry, a decrease in the amount of gas used for combustion, and its applications for the production of chemical products.Methods. The synthesis process was conducted in a self-catalysis mode with excess acids in a molar ratio of 8:1 and in the presence of a solvent (toluene) of ~30% per reaction mass. This ensures a uniform distillation of the reaction water at a constant temperature of 100β110 Β°C, a decrease in the side reaction products, and an increase in process selectivity. The products from the reaction mass were isolated by vacuum distillation, and identification of all the synthesized tetraesters was performed by chromatographyβmass spectrometry analysis.Results. This work proposes options for optimizing the conditions of the thermal esterification of pentaerythritol with isomeric monocarboxylic acids (isobutyric, isovaleric, pivalic, and 2-ethylhexanoic acids) that have different reactivities due to their structures. Methods for isolating tetraesters of pentaerythritol and corresponding acids have been developed. The characteristics of the main series of ions of tetraesters of pentaerythritol and aliphatic isomeric acids C4βC8 in the mass spectra were obtained.Conclusions. The yields of tetraesters were at 95%β96% of the theoretical value, and product purity was >99.6%. The resulting target products (tetraesters) were characterized by relative color stability, where the maximum degree of color after cleaning was less than 20 units according to Hazen (180 units for tetra-2-ethylhexnoate), which corresponds to the standards in GOST 29131-91 (ISO 2211-73). The esterification rates were compared, and it was shown that the quantitative yields of isomeric tetraesters at 100β110 Β°C were achieved in 12β15 h for isobutyric and isovaleric acids, 25β27 h for 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, and ~40 h for pivalic acid. Β Π¦Π΅Π»ΠΈ. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²: Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ (ΠΠΠ₯) ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π³Π°Π·Π°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π‘4βΠ‘8.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 8:1, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ (ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ»Π°) ~30% Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 100β110 Β°Π‘, ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ, 2-ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ), ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π‘4βΠ‘8 Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ
.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 95β96% ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 99.6%. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ (ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ) Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ: ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 20 Π΅Π΄. ΠΏΠΎ Π₯Π°Π·Π΅Π½Ρ (Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°-2-ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ°ΡΠ° β 180), ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ 29131-91 (ΠΠ‘Π 2211-73). ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ 100β110 Β°Π‘ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ: Π·Π° 12β15 Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, 25β27 Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ 2-ΡΡΠΈΠ»-Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ~40 Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ
Insulin Status and Vascular Responses to Weight Loss in Obesity
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether the effects of weight loss on arterial function are differentially modified by insulin status.BackgroundClinical studies suggest that plasma insulin levels may predict the extent of cardiovascular benefit achieved with weight loss in obese individuals, but mechanisms are currently unknown.MethodsWe prospectively followed 208 overweight or obese patients (body mass index [BMI]Β β₯25 kg/m2) receiving medical/dietary (48%) or bariatric surgical (52%) weight-loss treatment during a median period of 11.7 months (interquartile range: 4.6 to 13 months). We measured plasma metabolic parameters and vascular endothelial function using ultrasound at baseline and following weight-loss intervention and stratified analyses by median plasma insulin levels.ResultsPatients age 45 Β± 1 years, with BMI 45 Β± 9 kg/m2, experienced 14 Β± 14% weight loss during the study period. In individuals with higher baseline plasma insulin levels (above median >12 ΞΌIU/ml; nΒ = 99),Β β₯10% weight loss (compared withΒ <10%) significantly improved brachial artery macrovascular flow-mediated vasodilation and microvascular reactive hyperemia (pΒ < 0.05 for all). By contrast, vascular function did not change significantly in the lower insulin group (β€12 ΞΌIU/ml; nΒ = 109) despite a similar degree of weight loss. In analyses using a 5% weight loss cut point, only microvascular responses improved in the higher insulin group (pΒ = 0.02).ConclusionsInsulin status is an important determinant of the positive effect of weight reduction on vascular function with hyperinsulinemic patients deriving the greatest benefit. Integrated improvement in both microvascular and macrovascular function was associated withΒ β₯10% weight loss. Reversal of insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction may represent key therapeutic targets for cardiovascular risk reduction in obesity
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