Exile Vol. XXV No. 2

POETRY In the Cave by Reid Bandeen Leningrad, December 1978 by Howard Fencl untitled by Pearlene Scott Bleach by Lisa Minacci Seating eyes by Lisa Minacci untitled by Ellen Cox Two Poems by Melissa Simmons Daddy by Amy L. Shafer PROSE Night Ride by Jon Krantz Waiting by Cynthia Hohn Father by A. Page Spiegel Waiting Up for Mom and Dad by Susan Harrison PHOTOGRAPHY Front Cover by Del Bogart Back Cover by Bill Lesser Virginia Rocks by Bill Lesser Untitled by Mary Jo Rhodes Untitled 1, 2, 3 by Del Bogart Pet Pigs by Kathy Schilbe ART Etching by Scott Tryon We were very glad to see the enthusiasm expressed by both the volume and the variety of contributions to the Summer Issue. Special thanks go to Jonathan Krant, a student at Johns Hopkins University, for his contribution, and Lisa Minacci, for her help. -the editor

Arizona\u27s Vulnerable Populations

Arizona’s vulnerable populations are struggling on a daily basis but usually do so in silence, undetected by traditional radar and rankings, often unaware themselves of their high risk for being pushed or pulled into a full crisis. Ineligible for financial assistance under strict eligibility guidelines, they don’t qualify as poor because vulnerable populations are not yet in full crisis. To be clear, this report is not about the “poor,” at least not in the limited sense of the word. It is about our underemployed wage earners, our single-parent households, our deployed or returning military members, our under-educated and unskilled workforce, our debt-ridden neighbors, our uninsured friends, our family members with no savings for an emergency, much less retirement

Topoisomerase Inhibitors Addressing Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria.

Since their discovery over 5 decades ago, quinolone antibiotics have found enormous success as broad spectrum agents that exert their activity through dual inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Increasing rates of resistance, driven largely by target-based mutations in the GyrA/ParC quinolone resistance determining region, have eroded the utility and threaten the future use of this vital class of antibiotics. Herein we describe the discovery and optimization of a series of 4-(aminomethyl)quinolin-2(1H)-ones, exemplified by 34, that inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and display potent activity against ciprofloxacin-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. X-ray crystallography reveals that 34 occupies the classical quinolone binding site in the topoisomerase IV-DNA cleavage complex but does not form significant contacts with residues in the quinolone resistance determining region

Progress Towards the Total Synthesis of Bengazole A, an Antifungal Natural Product from a Marine Sponge Jaspis sp.

Bengazole A is a highly potent antifungal agent from a marine sponge of the genus Jaspis sp. The structure of bengazole A contains a bis-(oxazolyl)methanol moiety which is an unprecedented motif among natural products. In addition, bengazole A is the only known marine natural product that contains a C5 monosubstituted oxazole. This dissertation research describes work towards the total synthesis of bengazole A and the development of new synthetic methodology.Chapter 2 details the initial work on the synthesis of bengazole A including the attempted synthesis of the undescribed 2-formyloxazoline. While efforts to prepare a 2- formyloxazoline were unsuccessful, a novel oxidative rearrangement of 2-methyloxazoline to a dihydrooxazinone was discovered.Chapter 3 develops the methodology of the oxazoline-dihydrooxazinone oxidative rearrangement, describes the chemistry of 3-unsubstituted dihydrooxazinones, and utilizes the oxidative rearrangement for the synthesis of optically pure (S)-tert-leucine. The mechanism of the oxidative rearrangement was investigated by kinetic studies, isolation of an intermediate, and 13C labeling studies. These studies led to refinement of the proposed mechanism of reaction.Chapter 4 describes the preparation of an advanced intermediate incorporating C1-­C9 of bengazole A by taking advantage of the ambident nucleophilicity of 2-lithiooxazole with preferential C4 addition to aldehydes. The aldehyde used in the synthesis, a precursor to the bengazole side chain, C1-C6, was prepared from the inexpensive sugar D-galactose.Chapter 5 outlines a synthetically useful preparation of C5 monosubstituted oxazoles for incorporation in the last stage of bengazole A synthesis. The methodology allows selective deprotonation-electrophilic addition at C5 of 2-methylthiooxazole for the construction of 5-substituted oxazoles. The methylthio group is then conveniently removed by reductive desulfurization with Raney nickel

Muslim women on the Catholic campus: the search for identity, community, and understanding

American religious diversity has expanded since the 1960s when immigration law changed the geographical map of our immigrant pipeline from Europe to Asia, Africa, and the Middle East (Smith, 2002). This demographic change in immigration patterns has affected the population of students not only coming from abroad to study, but also from within the U.S. More Muslim American students are entering colleges in the U.S. than ever before and the number is expected to swell in coming years (Institute of International Education, 2011). American colleges and universities who face the challenge of integrating these new student cultures into their wider institutional cultures will only succeed in doing so by educating faculty and student affairs professionals about their new students. The purpose of this study was an attempt to understand the acculturation experience (Berry, 1997) of female Muslim students at two Catholic universities in the American Midwest. The underlying issue which informed this study was how Muslim women cope and learn in the context of an American, Catholic university. A constructivist epistemology provided the framework for this phenomenological qualitative study, which attempted to discern the ways that Muslim female students adapt to life on the Catholic campus using a bi-dimensional model of acculturation. Eleven female Muslim students were interviewed several times each over the course of five months. The data were then analyzed according to Moustakas (1994) methods for phenomenological analysis and Berry\u27s (1997) bi-dimensional acculturation strategy scale (assimilation, integration, separation or marginalization)

Muslim women on the Catholic campus : the search for identity, community, and understanding

American religious diversity has expanded since the 1960s when immigration law changed the geographical map of our immigrant pipeline from Europe to Asia, Africa, and the Middle East (Smith, 2002). This demographic change in immigration patterns has affected the population of students not only coming from abroad to study, but also from within the U.S. More Muslim American students are entering colleges in the U.S. than ever before and the number is expected to swell in coming years (Institute of International Education, 2011). American colleges and universities who face the challenge of integrating these new student cultures into their wider institutional cultures will only succeed in doing so by educating faculty and student affairs professionals about their new students. The purpose of this study was an attempt to understand the acculturation experience (Berry, 1997) of female Muslim students at two Catholic universities in the American Midwest. The underlying issue which informed this study was how Muslim women cope and learn in the context of an American, Catholic university. A constructivist epistemology provided the framework for this phenomenological qualitative study, which attempted to discern the ways that Muslim female students adapt to life on the Catholic campus using a bi-dimensional model of acculturation. Eleven female Muslim students were interviewed several times each over the course of five months. The data were then analyzed according to Moustakas (1994) methods for phenomenological analysis and Berry\u27s (1997) bi-dimensional acculturation strategy scale (assimilation, integration, separation or marginalization)

Progress Towards the Total Synthesis of Bengazole A, an Antifungal Natural Product from a Marine Sponge Jaspis sp.

Bengazole A is a highly potent antifungal agent from a marine sponge of the genus Jaspis sp. The structure of bengazole A contains a bis-(oxazolyl)methanol moiety which is an unprecedented motif among natural products. In addition, bengazole A is the only known marine natural product that contains a C5 monosubstituted oxazole. This dissertation research describes work towards the total synthesis of bengazole A and the development of new synthetic methodology.Chapter 2 details the initial work on the synthesis of bengazole A including the attempted synthesis of the undescribed 2-formyloxazoline. While efforts to prepare a 2- formyloxazoline were unsuccessful, a novel oxidative rearrangement of 2-methyloxazoline to a dihydrooxazinone was discovered.Chapter 3 develops the methodology of the oxazoline-dihydrooxazinone oxidative rearrangement, describes the chemistry of 3-unsubstituted dihydrooxazinones, and utilizes the oxidative rearrangement for the synthesis of optically pure (S)-tert-leucine. The mechanism of the oxidative rearrangement was investigated by kinetic studies, isolation of an intermediate, and 13C labeling studies. These studies led to refinement of the proposed mechanism of reaction.Chapter 4 describes the preparation of an advanced intermediate incorporating C1-­C9 of bengazole A by taking advantage of the ambident nucleophilicity of 2-lithiooxazole with preferential C4 addition to aldehydes. The aldehyde used in the synthesis, a precursor to the bengazole side chain, C1-C6, was prepared from the inexpensive sugar D-galactose.Chapter 5 outlines a synthetically useful preparation of C5 monosubstituted oxazoles for incorporation in the last stage of bengazole A synthesis. The methodology allows selective deprotonation-electrophilic addition at C5 of 2-methylthiooxazole for the construction of 5-substituted oxazoles. The methylthio group is then conveniently removed by reductive desulfurization with Raney nickel