Manufacturing a modified carbon paste electrode with catalase enzyme-Au nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide and their electrocatalytic properties

To find hydrogen peroxide, different techniques applied, recently. In this practice we decided to produce a modified carbon paste electrode by catalase enzyme-Au nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing hydrogen peroxide and their electroactivity characteristics. Cyclic voltammetry were done electrochemical researches. A three-electrode method including a modified carbon paste electrode with catalase enzyme-Au nanoparticles as the operant electrode, a platinum string electrode as a counter electrode, and saturated calomel electrode as a reference electrode, was applied. Cyclic voltammetric assays were done with different scan speed area from of 50 mV s−1 to 500 mV s−1. Transmission electron microscopy was checked external morphological characteristics of Au nanoparticles. H2O2 in 100 μM to 450 μM area could find out by designed biosensor. By perform assays in two weeks regular interval, the resistance of modified carbon paste electrode with catalase enzyme-Au nanoparticles biosensor has been determine and it has been discovered that after 14 days, modified carbon paste electrode with catalase enzyme-Au nanoparticles keeps its 97% activity. Keywords: electrochemical sensing, hydrogen peroxide, catalase enzyme, Au nanoparticle

Framework for parametric assessment of operational and embodied energy impacts utilising BIM

In recent years advances in digital tools have been leading the way in the construction of cleaner, more energy-efficient buildings. Furthermore, improvements in Building Information Modelling (BIM) have resulted in various tools being used to assess building performance and overall Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). This work offers a unique insight into the development of a parametric LCA BIM tool, focusing on both operational and embodied energy perspectives through case study analysis of a commercial and a domestic building in the UK. A mixed research method was employed combining a literature review, qualitative and quantitative LCA case study analysis, and parametric modelling. The results indicate that embodied energy is much more critical in the early stages of the building's life, then is quickly overtaken by operational energy. In addition, many variations exist in energy outputs between domestic and commercial buildings. Operational energy takes a significant share in domestic buildings compared to commercial buildings. These variations are attributed to different design methods, construction materials, occupancy patterns and energy demands. The study proposes an LCA-BIM interactive user-led method of addressing energy hotspots for both operational and embodied elements, which can provide more instant identification of energy critical areas. Such an approach can offer real alternative BIM-based analysis tools during the design stages, compared to those currently being used, which focus mainly on either LCA of operational or embodied energy

Improving Life Cycle Sustainability and Profitability of Buildings through Optimization: A Case Study

Building developers are continuously seeking solutions to increase saleable/rentable floor area and thus the profitability of investments, especially in large/dense cities where the real estate/rental values are high and shortage of available land results in smaller building footprints. Application of passive energy efficiency measures (e.g., thick insulation in walls) not only affects the life cycle sustainability of buildings, but also the floor area and its profitability. This can affect the decisions made on the choice of measures when aiming to improve sustainability. In line with limited studies in this context, a case study is presented here in which multi-objective optimization was used to explore the impact of various passive energy efficiency measures on the life cycle sustainability when accounting for the profitability of the floor area. The building case was a high-rise apartment based on a standardized building concept situated in different locations in Sweden, namely Vindeln, Gothenburg, and Stockholm. The findings indicated that, regardless of the location, use of (1) thick cellulose coating for the roof, and (2) moderately thick expanded polystyrene for the floor, were necessary to improve the life cycle sustainability. However, the optimal wall insulation was dependent on the location; in locations with high real estate values, the scope for using thick and conventional insulations (mineral wool/cellulose) was limited due to the significant economic loss caused by floor area reductions. In general, the optimization identified optimal solutions that could save up to 1410.7 GJ energy, 23 tonnes CO2e, and 248.4 TEUR cost from a life cycle perspective relative to the building’s initial design

Supporting the Embodied Energy Assessment in a BIM-driven Design Process

Recent studies indicate that the embodied energy originating from the buildingmaterial supply chain (i.e. off-site production of materials and components andassociated transportation to the construction site) contributes significantly tothe total life-cycle energy use. Therefore, considering its impact during thebuilding design and pre-construction stage provides an opportunity to affect thebuilding energy use and sustainability performance. However, there are twomajor shortcomings with the life cycle assessment (LCA) tools used forassessment and reduction of the embodied energy use during the buildingdesign and pre-construction stage. (1) Many of the LCA tools use databasesbased on industry-average values which hinders the possibility to account forthe differences in the embodied impact of specific materials sourced fromindividual suppliers. (2) Lack of interoperability between the LCA tools andthe Building Information Modeling (BIM) software which has become an assetfor supporting decisions during building design and pre-construction. Thisinteroperability issue increases the amount of time and effort required forassessment of the embodied energy and also increases the risks for mistakes,misunderstandings and errors due to the manual re-entry of BIM data into the LCA tools. Therefore, the overall purpose of the research is to investigate the possibility tomitigate the aforementioned shortcomings by integrating the analyses of theembodied energy into a BIM-driven design process. Two research questionshave been defined: (1) What is a suitable data source for assessment of theembodied energy? (2) How can the embodied energy assessment be integratedinto a BIM-driven design process? To address the first research question in identifying a suitable data source forassessing the embodied energy, literature studies were conducted to provideinsights into the existing Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) data used for assessmentof the embodied energy. To address the second research question, several caseswere studied using a prototyping approach which enabled the identification ofrequired processes and functions for supporting assessment of the embodiedenergy in a BIM-driven design process. The result of the literature studies and answer to the first research questionindicate that Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of materials andcomponents can be recognized as a suitable data source for assessment of theembodied energy. EPDs provide a detailed LCA data for a specific productwhich is implemented according to Product Category Rules (PCR) and verifiedby an independent third party. PCRs provide pre-established guidelines andrequirements for the LCA of a certain product category and by this meanensure the principle for comparability of the LCA data. The main outcome ofthe second research question is a framework which highlights the requiredprocesses for facilitating and supporting assessment of the embodied energy ina BIM-driven design process. The framework uses the suppliers’ EPDs tosupport the design decisions and enable assessment of the embodied impactcaused by the building material supply chain. The framework also ensuresBIM-LCA interoperability by integrating the Extract, Transform Load (ETL)technology with BIM, enabling an automated or semi-automated assessmentprocess, to reduce the amount of time, efforts and risks for mistakes that wasreported to be the major obstacles within the embodied energy assessment

Utvärdering och optimering avlivscykelenergianvändning i byggnader

Buildings account for 40% of all energy use in European countries. The European Union (EU) therefore encourages member states to adopt Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) and implement energy-efficient practices during building design to minimize the energy use of buildings. However, recent studies have shown that energy-efficient buildings may not always outperform conventional buildings in terms of Life Cycle Energy (LCE) use. This is mainly due to the trade-off between embodied and operational energy, and a reliance on EEMs that reduce operational energy while sometimes increasing embodied energy and LCE use. To improve buildings’ environmental performance, the impact of different EEMs on buildings’ energy use needs to be assessed from a lifecycle perspective, and methods for identifying optimal combinations of EEMs that minimize LCE use should be developed. Ideally, these methods should be integrated with building information modelling (BIM) to enable seamless data exchange and to help Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) practitioners make optimal design decisions relating to EEMs. The work presented in this thesis had two overall objectives: (1) to explore the scope for developing BIM-supported method(s) for assessing and optimizing the impact of EEMs on buildings’ LCE use during the design process, and (2) use the BIM-supported method(s) for exploring the impact of various EEMs that are implemented and modified during the building design process on the buildings’ LCE use. The work presented in this thesis is based on an exploratory research design involving iterative cycles of (1) problem identification, (2) method development, (3) method examination, and (4) theory suggestion. In step 1, problems were identified by conducting literature studies and workshops with AEC practitioners, and analyzing archival data. In step 2, prototyping was used to develop methods to overcome the identified problems. In step 3, the applicability of these methods (or prototypes) was tested in case studies on actual and hypothetical building projects. Three case studies were conducted – one dealing with a low energy dwelling located in Kiruna, Sweden; another dealing with a multifamily residential building in Uppsala, Sweden; and a third dealing with a hypothetical multifamily residential building in Stockholm, Sweden. In step 4, the results were compared to existing theories to strengthen existing knowledge and identify previously unrecognized findings. In relation to the first objective, the results obtained show that the factors and activities required to develop BIM-supported method(s) for assessing and optimizing the impact of EEMs on a building’s LCE use during the design phase are: • A database that stores external and building project data (e.g. BIM data) and links it to be used for assessment and optimization, providing access to the data whenever needed. • The development of interfaces using middleware applications to ensure interoperability and seamless automated exchange of information between BIM and other systems. • Predefined objects (i.e. building part and component recipes) that are stored in a database and linked to inventories and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for the relevant materials, enabling assessment of the buildings’ embodied energy and LCE use. • The application of multi-objective optimization techniques (e.g. Pareto-based genetic algorithms) to identify optimal solution(s) for EEMs that minimize (optimize) the building’s LCE use. In relation to the second objective of the thesis, the results obtained indicate that: • EEMs that are implemented and modified during the detailed design phase have much less influence on the building’s LCE use than those implemented in the early design phase. Highly influential EEMs related to the early design phase which were tested herein were the building’s shape, orientation, Window to Wall Ratio (WWR), and the selection of materials used in the building envelope. • Generally, thickening roof insulation has a strong beneficial effect on LCE use for buildings in Sweden. • For buildings using energy sources with high primary energy factors, the most effective way to reduce LCE use may be to implement many EEMs that reduce operational energy use. However, this approach may be less helpful for buildings using greener energy sources because in such cases the embodied energy may have a greater effect on the final LCE use. • The embodied energies of materials in the same class can vary significantly between suppliers. Such differences in embodied energy can be identified by considering the suppliers’ EPDs, the energetic contributions due to their mode of transportation from the site of production, and the distance between the site of production and the construction site. • If the developed optimization approach is used to identify optimal combinations of EEMs in the early design phase, designers can freely choose from a wide range of building shapes without greatly affecting LCE use. However, without early phase optimization, designs that use different building shapes may exhibit significantly different LCE use values. The results provide both theoretical and practical contributions that may be useful to researchers and AEC practitioners seeking to develop BIM-supported design processes and to reduce buildings’ LCE use by adopting appropriate EEMs. The results also show that embodied energy can be a major component of a building’s LCE use if the building’s design relies heavily on EEMs designed solely to reduce operational energy use. Policy makers and governmental bodies are thus advised to update regulations and building codes to reflect the importance of embodied energy so as to minimize the LCE use of new and retrofitting building projects

Neural Network Closure Modeling of Longitudinal Combustion Instability in a Liquid-propellant Rocket Engine

In this work, neural network (NN)-based models are generated to replace flamelet tables for sub-grid modeling in large-eddy simulations of a single-injector liquid-propellant rocket engine. The NN training process presents an extraordinary challenge. The multi-dimensional combustion instability problem involves multi-scale lengths and characteristic times in an unsteady flow problem with nonlinear acoustics, addressing both transient and dynamic-equilibrium behaviors, superimposed on a turbulent reacting flow with very narrow, moving flame regions. Accurate interpolation between the points of the training data becomes vital. Computationally efficient and accurate flamelet models for a turbulent combustor are needed for useful large eddy simulations (LES). Promise is offered through the use of deep learning NN. Here, a well-studied configuration through prior LES and experiment is used but now with NN providing the sub-grid model for the flamelets. It is of special interest to extend the use of NN modeling for unsteady behavior of mean pressure and velocity fields. Two different approaches for NN design are proposed, based on the source of training data used in the NN development. In the first approach, data in the flamelet libraries are used as a source for training NNs to replace those flamelet libraries in the CFD simulation of a turbulent diffusion flame with unsteady pressure. The models are validated on those libraries and verified by being implemented into CFD simulations. Both transient and dynamic equilibrium oscillatory conditions are considered by varying initial conditions of the simulations. Two different geometrical configurations are also tested. The NN-based simulations are favorably compared with their table-based counterparts. The NNs proposed based on the second approach are trained based on data processed from a few CFD simulations of a single-injector liquid-propellant rocket engine with different dynamical configurations to reproduce the information stored in a flamelet table. The training set is also enriched by data from the physical characteristics and considerations of the combustion model. Flame temperature is used as an extra input for other flame variables to improve the NN-based model accuracy and physical consistency. The trained NNs are first tested offline on the flamelet table. These physics-aware NN-based closure models are successfully implemented into CFD simulations and verified by being tested on various dynamical configurations. The results from those tests are in good agreement with their counterpart table-based CFD simulations

Nurses' experiences of person-centred care for people with dementia in emergency care

Bakgrund: Personcentrerad vård är en av sjuksköterskans kärnkompetenser som innebär att personen i behov av vård placeras i centrum före sin sjukdom, och ses som en beslutande, värderad och jämlik samarbetspartner i planering, genomförande och uppföljningar av vården. Att tillhandahålla omvårdnadsbehovet hos patienter med demenssjukdom på ett personcentrerat sätt är utmanande för sjuksköterskor på grund av den nedsatta kognitiva funktionen som medföljer sjukdomen. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av personcentrerad vård för patienter med demenssjukdom inom akut vård. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats baserad på nio original peer-reviewed artiklar. Data insamlades genom systematiska artikelsökningar och bearbetades genom kvalitativ tematisk analys. Det framkom två teman samt sex subteman ur artiklarnas resultat. Resultat: Enligt resultat består främjande faktorer som bidrar till genomförandet av personcentrerad vård vid demenssjukdom inom akutvården av individanpassad vård, sjuksköterskans engagemang som bygger relationer och teamarbete. Medan utmaningarna för genomförandet av personcentrerad vård består av frånvarande utbildning och kunskap hos sjuksköterskor, bristande tid och personal samt opassande miljö. Slutsats: Resultatet i denna studie enligt sjuksköterskors erfarenheter avslöjar främjande och utmanande faktorer som påverkar den personcentrerade vården för personer med demens inom akutvården. Resultatet bidrar till ökad kunskap i detta område och vilka faktorer som sjuksköterskor upplever är främjande eller utmanande i genomförandet av personcentrerad omvårdnad för dessa personer. Förhoppningsvis har sammanställningen lagt en bra grund för användning i omvårdnadsarbetet av personer med demens, eftersom den kommer att ge möjlighet att undvika befintliga utmaningar samt främja möjligheterna

Investigating the potential for realizing life cycle net-zero energy buildings in Europe using multi-objective optimization

In pursuit of the long-term target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, it is crucial to strive for buildings with net-zero energy balance from a life cycle perspective. This study employs multi-objective optimization, specifically the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, to explore the feasibility of achieving a life cycle net-zero energy balance for a building case in diverse European climate conditions: including Gothenburg’s humid continental climate (characterized by warm to hot summers and cold, snowy winters), Frankfurt’s oceanic climate (featuring short, cool summers and long, relatively mild winters), and Madrid’s Mediterranean climate (marked by wet, mild winters and dry, hot summers). The study examines this feasibility across three building lifespan durations: the standard 50 years, commonly applied in life cycle analyses, as well as extended lifespans of 100 and 150 years. This examination is vital due to the impact of longer building lifespans, resulting in increased operational energy demand and higher embodied energy due to the more frequent replacements of building components and systems. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of realizing a life cycle net-zero energy building across diverse European climatic conditions and lifespan durations through the identification of optimal passive, active, and renewable measures. The results emphasize the essential role of renewable measures, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels, in effectively offsetting any surplus energy use throughout the building's life cycle, ultimately enabling the achievement of a life cycle net-zero energy building. It was observed that a minimum of 276 m2 (≈ 63.5 kWp), 246 m2 (≈ 56.5 kWp), and 131 m2 (≈ 30.1 kWp) of PV panels would be required to realize a life cycle net-zero energy building in Gothenburg, Frankfurt, and Madrid, respectively. Across all locations and lifespan durations, these PV panels were integrated with optimal active measures, which included geothermal heat pumps for heating, internal air conditioning units for cooling, and mechanical ventilation systems with heat recovery potential. However, the results also indicate that relying solely on active and renewable measures, without incorporating appropriate passive approaches, is insufficient to fully realize life cycle net-zero energy buildings

Giovanni Baglione: arte, scrittura e conflitto nella Roma barocca

La tesi esplora la figura di Baglione, pittore e scrittore romano attivo tra la fine del Cinquecento e gli inizi del Seicento, si analizza il suo ruolo nel contesto artistico e culturale della Roma barocca. Dopo una ricostruzione della sua carriera e della sua affermazione come artista, si approfondisce la sua attività letteraria culminata nella pubblicazione delle "Vite de' Pittori, Scultori et Architetti (1642)", tra i primi esempi di storiografia artistica barocca. Un ampio spazio è dedicato al conflitto con Caravaggio e la sua cerchia, che è sfociato nel celebre processo per diffamazione del 1603, un episodio emblematico delle tensioni tra visioni opposte dell'arte e della reputazione pubblica. Infine, la tesi analizza alcune delle opere più significative di Baglione tra cui la perduta Resurrezione di Cristo, Amor Sacro e Amor Profano, San Francesco in estasi e l'Amor vincente di Caravaggio, evidenziando la capacità di Baglione di coniugare tradizione e innovazione in un linguaggio autonomo e consapevole