Development and validation of an HPLC-DAD method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of Topotecan, Irinotecan, Etoposide, Doxorubicin and Epirubicin

The knowledge of the chemical stability of drugs prepared and administered in hospital is of paramount importance for establishing the methods and times of their preparation, as well as for ensuring patient safety. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a single chromatographic method, according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) guidelines, to allow the determination of the chemical stability of 5 chemotherapy drugs. The high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method developed was found to be linear (all analytical curves showed R2 ≥ 0.999), sensitive, precise (RSDs < 3%) and accurate (recovery values ranging between 95% and 105%). The method was demonstrated to be robust to small deliberate variations such as column temperature, pH and composition of the mobile phase and also able to determine drug decomposition products. Therefore, the method described here is perfectly able to identify and quantify the chemotherapy drugs analysed

Typology and status of cattle farms using artificial insemination in Burkina Faso

The aim of the study was to assess the challenges and prospects of cattle artificial insemination (AI) in Burkina Faso. Data were collected from 50 farms in the peri-urban area of Bobo-Dioulasso. The results show that AI is used by 40.4% of the respondents and 42.1% of them use both strategies (natural and induced estrus) of AI improvement to optimize their chance of success. These producers are gradually moving towards AI over natural estrus which they describe as better. The average cost of AI with state AI services was XOF 12 500 for natural estrus and XOF 17 500 for induced estrus, and about XOF 30 000 to 50 000 with private AI providers. The success rate of AI was 32.5%. The use of AI had a significant positive effect on milk production. Producers stated that AI was a good method of improving cattle production. Three groups of producers emerged based on their level of AI practice. Several constraints limit AI adoption. It is important to reconsider the opinions of farmers who are the first to be concerned in the implementation of the new innovation strategies of animal production, in order to achieve the goals of food and nutritional self-sufficiency. Keywords: Artificial insemination, Biotechnology, Cattle, Rate of adoption, Typolog

Contrôle Physicochimique des Feuilles de Lippia chevalieri Moldenke Cultivé

Au Mali, le Malarial 5 qui est un Médicament Traditionnel Amélioré (MTA) produit en partie à base de feuilles de Lippia chevalieri est utilisé pour traiter les symptômes du paludisme simple. Les feuilles de Lippia chevalieri cultivé peuvent être utilisées pour la préparation des MTA lorsqu’elles sont de qualité. La présente étude portée sur le contrôle physicochimique a montré que les feuilles de Lippia chevalieri cultivé ont des teneurs en eau inférieures à 10%, celles des cendres totales un peu élevées et celles des cendres insolubles dans l’acide chlorhydriques à 10% faibles. Les meilleurs rendements des extractions sont obtenus par l’eau par infusion et par décoction. Plusieurs groupes chimiques comprenant entre autres des caroténoïdes, des coumarines, des mucilages, des flavonoïdes ont été révélés. In Mali, Malarial 5, which is an Improved Traditional Medicine (ITM) produced partly from the leaves of Lippia chevalieri, is used to treat the symptoms of uncomplicated malaria. The leaves of cultivated Lippia chevalieri can be used for the preparation of improved traditional medicines because they are of good quality. This paper focuses on the physicochemical control which showsthat the leaves of cultivated Lippia chevalieri contain less than 10% of moisture content. The total ash content was a little higher, and the acid insoluble ash was low. The best yields of extractions are obtained with water through infusion and decoction. Several chemical compounds including carotenoids, coumarins, mucilage, and flavonoids were revealed

Seasonality and shift in age-specific malaria prevalence and incidence in Binko and Carrière villages close to the lake in Selingué, Mali

BACKGROUND: Malaria transmission in Mali is seasonal and peaks at the end of the rainy season in October. This study assessed the seasonal variations in the epidemiology of malaria among children under 10 years of age living in two villages in Selingué: Carrière, located along the Sankarani River but distant from the hydroelectric dam, and Binko, near irrigated rice fields, close to the dam. The aim of this study was to provide baseline data, seasonal pattern and age distribution of malaria incidence in two sites situated close to a lake in Selingué. METHODS: Geographically, Selingué area is located in the basin of Sakanrani and belongs to the district of Yanfolila in the third administrative region of Mali, Sikasso. Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in October 2010 (end of transmission season) and in July 2011 (beginning of transmission season) to determine the point prevalence of asymptomatic parasitaemia, and anaemia among the children. Cumulative incidence of malaria per month was determined in a cohort of 549 children through active and passive case detection from November 2010 through October 2011. The number of clinical episodes per year was determined among the children in the cohort. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for malaria. RESULTS: The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia varied significantly between villages with a strong seasonality in Carrière (52.0–18.9 % in October 2010 and July 2011, respectively) compared with Binko (29.8–23.8 % in October 2010 and July 2011, respectively). Children 6–9 years old were at least twice more likely to carry parasites than children up to 5 years old. For malaria incidence, 64.8–71.9 % of all children experienced at least one episode of clinical malaria in Binko and Carrière, respectively. The peak incidence was observed between August and October (end of the rainy season), but the incidence remained high until December. Surprisingly, the risk of clinical malaria was two- to nine-fold higher among children 5–9 years old compared to younger children. CONCLUSIONS: A shift in the peak of clinical episodes from children under 5–9 years of age calls for expanding control interventions, such as seasonal malaria chemoprophylaxis targeting the peak transmission months

Criblage Phytochimique et Activités Biologiques de Quatre Plantes Utilisées au Mali dans la Prise en Charge du Paludisme Chez les Enfants

Contexte : Selon les résultats d’une enquête menée dans différentes zones écologiques et culturelles au Sud du Mali, beaucoup de plantes médicinales sont utilisées dans la prise charge du paludisme chez les enfants, dont Annona senegalensis, Flueggea virosa, Gymnosporia senegalensis et Vitex doniana. Nous avons approfondi les études sur la composition phytochimique, la sécurité d’emplois et les activités contre les symptômes du paludisme. Objectifs : Caractériser les métabolites secondaires, déterminer la toxicité aiguë, vérifier l’activité hémolytique et évaluer les propriétés antalgiques, antipyrétiques et antiinflammatoires des quatre plantes. Méthodologie : La composition phytochimique a été déterminée par des réactions colorées en tube. L’activité hémolytique a été évaluée par CCM, révélée par le sang humain. La toxicité aigüe et les activités biologiques ont été déterminées in vivo chez les souris et les rats. Résultats : Les coumarines, stérols, tri terpènes, tanins et flavonoïdes ont été caractérisés dans les extraits aqueux des quatre plantes. Ces extraits n’ont pas présenté de constituants qui provoquent l’hémolyse. Les décoctés administrés par voie orale à la dose de 2000 mg /Kg chez des souris n’ont pas provoqués d’effets toxiques et de mortalité. Les décoctés administrés par voie orale à la dose de 100 et 200 mg /Kg chez des souris ont montré des remarquables activités antalgique, antiinflammatoire et chez les rats l’activité antipyrétique. Conclusion: Ces résultats préliminaires valident l’utilisation traditionnelle des quatre plantes dans la prise en charge des symptômes du paludisme chez les enfants.Introduction: According to the results of a survey conducted in different ecological and cultural areas in southern Mali, many medicinal plants are used by traditional paediatricians in taking charge of malaria in children. The survey highlighted the use of four plants, which we decided to carry out further study on phytochemical composition, safety of use and activity against symptoms of malaria. Objectives: To characterize secondary metabolites, to determine acute toxicity, to check haemolytic activity, and to evaluate the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of Annona senegalensis, Flueggea virosa, Gymnosporia senegalensis, and Vitex doniana. Methods: The phytochemical composition of the aqueous extracts of the leafy twigs of the four plants was determined by coloured tube reactions. Haemolytic activity was assessed by TLC and revealed by human blood. Acute toxicity and biological activities were determined in vivo in mice and rats. Results: Coumarins, sterols, tri-terpenes, tannins and flavonoids were characterized in the aqueous extracts of the leafy twigs of the four plants. These decocts did not show any constituents that cause haemolysis. Decoctions given orally at the dose of 2000 mg / kg in mice did not cause toxic effects and mortality. Decoctions administered orally at the dose of 100 and 200 mg / kg showed remarkable analgesic, anti-inflammatory (in mice), and antipyretic (in rat) activities. Conclusion: These preliminary results validate the traditional use of the four plants in the management of malaria symptoms in children

Apport des moyens endoscopiques dans la dilatation des sténoses caustiques de l’oesophage

Introduction: The aim of this work was to present the contribution of the endoscopy in the management of esophageal dilatation for caustic esophageal stenosis (CES). Methods: This was a descriptive and prospective study in the thoracic surgery department at the Hospital of Mali. A total of 46 cases of CES is recorded and divided into 4 groups according to the topography of the esophageal lesions. For the different methods of dilatation the number of performed endoscopic support was determined to understand the contribution of endoscopic means in the success of dilatation for CES. The outcome, complications and mortality in the two methods were compared. Results: Fibroscopy was used in 41.30% of patients with Savary Guillard dilators and in 47.82% of patients with Lerut dilators. Video laryngoscopy was used in 58.69% of patients who underwent dilatation with Lerut dilators. The passage of the guide wire was performed in 39.13% under video laryngoscopy and 58.68% under fibroscopy. In comparison of the two methods, there is a significant difference in the occurrence of complications (p = 0.04075), general anesthesia (p = 0.02287), accessibility (p = 0.04805) and mortality (p = 0.00402). Conclusion: The CES is a serious disease and under evaluated in Mali. The endoscopies contribute significantly to the success of esophageal dilatation for caustic stenosis in the different methods we used.Keywords: Esophagus, caustic stenosis, dilatation, endoscopicPan African Medical Journal 2016; 2

Evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages and their role in an emerging threat of multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Bamako, Mali

In recent years Bamako has been faced with an emerging threat from multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB). Whole genome sequence analysis was performed on a subset of 76 isolates from a total of 208 isolates recovered from tuberculosis patients in Bamako, Mali between 2006 and 2012. Among the 76 patients, 61(80.3%) new cases and 15(19.7%) retreatment cases, 12 (16%) were infected by MDR-TB. The dominant lineage was the Euro-American lineage, Lineage 4. Within Lineage 4, the Cameroon genotype was the most prevalent genotype (n = 20, 26%), followed by the Ghana genotype (n = 16, 21%). A sub-clade of the Cameroon genotype, which emerged ~22 years ago was likely to be involved in community transmission. A sub-clade of the Ghana genotype that arose approximately 30 years ago was an important cause of MDR-TB in Bamako. The Ghana genotype isolates appeared more likely to be MDR than other genotypes after controlling for treatment history. We identified a clade of four related Beijing isolates that included one MDR-TB isolate. It is a major concern to find the Cameroon and Ghana genotypes involved in community transmission and MDR-TB respectively. The presence of the Beijing genotype in Bamako remains worrying, given its high transmissibility and virulence

Concordance of vaccination status and associated factors with incomplete vaccination: a household survey in the health district of Segou, Mali, 2019

Introduction:&nbsp;the region of Segou recorded 36.8% of children were incompletely vaccinated in 2018. In 2019, the district of Segou was one of the districts with the lowest vaccination coverage in the region, with 85.1% coverage for the three doses of the pentavalent vaccine and 85.4% for the measles vaccine. This study was initiated to better understand this low vaccination coverage, in the absence of specific studies on vaccination coverage in the district of Segou. Methods:&nbsp;a prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2020 with 30 clusters. We performed Kappa coefficient, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results:&nbsp;findings showed that 18.46% (101/547) [15.44-21.93] of children were incompletely vaccinated. Mothers correctly reported the vaccination status of their children in 67.30% of cases (Kappa coefficient). Uneducated (OR[IC95%]=2.13[1.30-3.50]), living in rural area (OR[IC95%]=2.07[1.23-3.47]), lack of knowledge of Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) target diseases (OR[IC95%]=2.37[1.52-3.68]), lack of knowledge of vaccination schedule (OR[IC95%]=3.33[1.90-5.81]) and lack of knowledge of the importance of vaccination (OR[IC95%]=3.6[2.35-6.32]) were associated with incomplete vaccination. In multivariate analysis, uneducated (ORa[IC95%&gt;]=1.68[1.004-2.810]) and lack of knowledge of the importance of vaccination were associated with incomplete vaccination (ORa[IC95%]=3.40[2.049-5.649]). Conclusion:&nbsp;findings showed a good concordance of the vaccination status. Living in a rural area, no education, lack of the knowledge of EPI target diseases, lack of the knowledge of vaccination schedule and lack of knowledge of the importance of vaccination were associated with incomplete vaccination

Profil épidémiologique de la rougeole au Mali de 2009 à 2018: Epidemiological profile of measles in Mali from 2009 to 2018

Introduction: La rougeole, maladie virale hautement contagieuse causée par un Morbillivirus, reste un important problèeme de santé publique dans de nombreux pays malgré l'existence d'un vaccin efficace. La surveillance de la rougeole est l'un des aspects clés de la lutte contre cette maladie. La présente étude avait pour objectif de décrire la mortalité et la morbidité de la rougeole au Mali entre 2009 et 2018. Méthodes: Il s'agissait d'étude transversale descriptive. Les données de surveillance de la rougeole au Mali de 2009 à 2018 ont été analysées en personne, lieu et temps. Résultats: De 2009 à 2018, le nombre de cas confirmés de rougeole était de 6461 dont 29 décès soit une létalité de 0,45%. La confirmation des cas avait été faite par le laboratoire pour 2551 cas (39,48%), par lien épidémiologique pour 3738 cas (57,85%) et cliniquement pour 172 cas (2,66%). Les enfants de moins de 5 ans représentaient 50,97% des cas et 75,86% des décès. La majorité des cas (95,71 %) n'avaient jamais été vaccinés contre la rougeole. Les incidences les plus élevées avaient été observées en 2009 (22,65 pour 100 000 hbts) et 2010 (11,81 pour 100 000 hbts). Tombouctou, Gao et Mopti avaient enregistrés les plus grands nombres de cas en 2009 et Bamako, Koulikoro et Mopti en 2010. Conclusion: La majorité des cas et des décès étaient les enfants non vaccinés de moins de cinq ans. Un renforcement du programme élargi de vaccination de routine, une riposte aux épidéemies et des stratéegies de vaccination couvrant tout le pays sont nécessaires. Introduction: Measles, a highly contagious viral disease caused by a Morbillivirus, remains an important public health problem in many countries despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Measles surveillance is one of the key aspects of measles control. The objective of this study was to describe measles mortality and morbidity in Mali between 2009 and 2018. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Measles surveillance data in Mali from 2009 to 2018 were analysed by person, place and time. Results: From 2009 to 2018, the number of confirmed measles cases was 6461 including 29 deaths, i.e. a case-fatality rate of 0.45%. Cases were confirmed by the laboratory for 2551 cases (39.48%), by epidemiological link for 3738 cases (57.85%) and clinically for 172 cases (2.66%). Children under 5 years of age represented 50.97% of cases and 75.86% of deaths. The majority of cases (95.71%) had never been vaccinated against measles. The highest incidences were observed in 2009 (22.65 per 100,000 inhabitants) and 2010 (11.81 per 100,000 inhabitants). Timbuktu, Gao and Mopti had the highest number of cases in 2009 and Bamako, Koulikoro and Mopti in 2010. Conclusion: The majority of cases and deaths were among unvaccinated children under five years of age. Strengthening of the routine expanded programme of immunisation, response to epidemics and nationwide immunisation strategies are needed