Kualitas Papan Komposit dari Sabut Kelapa dan Limbah Plastik Berlapis Bambu dengan Variasi Kerapatan dan Lama Perendaman Naoh

The aim of this research is to investigate the varios of NaOH immersion treatments and the density of optimal and the best composite board mechanic and physical. Factor of research were the varios of NaOH immersion treatments (control, 2 hour, 4 hour, 6 hour) and varios density ( 0,6 gr/cm3 and 0,7 gr/cm3). The composite board were mixed manually with weight both of polyprophylenes plastic and coir fibres to all of composite board comparison 50 : 50 after were reduced weight of bamboo slats. The composite boards were made with dimension 30 cm 30 cm x 1 cm, where the bamboos were made become face and back of board then both plastic and coir fibres were core board. The recycle polyprophylenes plastic distributed were devided by three parts, those were face layer 15 %, core layer 70 %, and back layer 15 % of plastics weight. The pressure was done with hot press temperature 180 oC for 20 minute with pessure ± 25 kg/cm². Results of research have showed that physical and mechanical properties oof composite board were increased with the addition of density composite board and reduced of NaOH immersion treatments. Composite board without NaOHs immersion with density 0,7 gr/cm3 is the best and optimum result of composite board. Key words : composite board, coconut fiber, recycled polyprophylene, bamboo layer

Kualitas Papan Komposit Batang Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) Dan Limbah Plastik Polipropilena Berbagai Variasi Rasio Dan Penambahan Maleic Anhydrid Composite Boards From Oil Palm Trunks (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) and Polypropylene Plastic Waste In

Wood is a basic requirement in the industrial activity. while timber production decreased so that required an efficient utilization of wood. The solution to overcome this problem is the use of waste oil palm trunk in the form of composite board. On the other hand, the plastic needs continue to increase. Plastic is a material consisting of artificial inorganic chemicals are quite harmful to the environment so it is necessary to increase the value of plastic. In the process of making this composite board using maleic anhydride (MAH) in order to improve the bonding between the fibers. This study aims to determine the quality of the composite board made from oil palm trunk (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) and polypropylene plastic waste on some variation of the ratio and the percentage of maleic anhydrid (MAH). Variation ratio of plastic and particles were 40 : 60, 50 : 50, and 60 : 40. Percentage of MAH used 0%, 2,5%, and 5% of the weight of the plastic. Composite board size was 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm with a target density of 0.8 g/cm3 at compression 25 kg/cm2 with temperature 180ºC for 10 minutes. Evaluation the quality of composite board was refer to standard JIS A 5908-2003. This study used afactorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The result of research showed that the highest guality of composite board was achieved on the highest plastic ratio. The best result was on composite board made from ratio particle oil palm and plastic 40:60 with percentage MAH 2,5%. Keywords : Oil palm particle, plastics polipropilena, MAH, BPO, composite board ABSTRACT Wood is a basic requirement in the industrial activity. while timber production decreased so that required an efficient utilization of wood. The solution to overcome this problem is the use of waste oil palm trunk in the form of composite board. On the other hand, the plastic needs continue to increase. Plastic is a material consisting of artificial inorganic chemicals are quite harmful to the environment so it is necessary to increase the value of plastic. In the process of making this composite board using maleic anhydride (MAH) in order to improve the bonding between the fibers. This study aims to determine the quality of the composite board made from oil palm trunk (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) and polypropylene plastic waste on some variation o

Keawetan Papan Partikel Dari Batang Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) Dengan Tambahan Asap Cair Terhadap Rayap Tanah (Coptotermes Curvignathus Holmgren) Durability of Particleboard From Oil Palm Trunk (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) with Addition Liquid S

The study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of liquid smoke from oil palm empty fruit bunches on the durability of oil palm trunk particleboard (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) and to determine the optimum concentration of liquid smoke. The method of research is an experiment carried out in completely randomized design (CRD), which consists of three treatments and three replications. Particle board made with three types of layers, with the size of 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm, the target density of 0.8 g / cm3, compression temperature 140oC, pressure of 25 kg / cm2 for 10 minutes. Adhesive used is Urea Formaldehyde with a concentration of 16% for the surface layer (face) and bottom (back) and 14% for the middle layer (core) with a solid content 52%. The treatment used is liquid smoke with concentration 0%, 5% and 10%. Testing the durability of particle board using baiting methods to subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren for 21 days. The results of research showed that the oil palm trunk particleboard with liquid smoke concentration level of 10% was the best 2 vality the mortality value 100%. Meanwhile the best result for particleboard weight loss was achived on liquid smoke level 5% with average value 0.45% from physical, mechanical and durability properties of particleboard made from oil palm with liquid smoke, the best result was achieved on particleboard with level 10%. Key words: Urea formaldehyde, liquid smoke, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, durability particleboar

Karakteristik Biopelet Berdasarkan Komposisi Serbuk Batang Kelapa Sawit dan Arang Kayu Laban dengan Jenis Perekat sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif Terbarukan

The research aims to evaluate the quality of biopellets made from different composition of the oilpalm trunk powder and Laban wood charcoal with different type of adhesive. The composition consist of 25% oilpalm powder : 75% Laban wood charcoal; 50% oilpalm powder: 50% Laban wood charcoal; 75% oilpalm powder : 25% Laban wood charcoal; 100% oilpalm powder respectively. The adhesives used are tapioca flour and sago flour. The research used completely factorial randomized design, which consists of eight combination treatment with 3 replications. The material was mixed manually and biopellets produced with meat mincer in home scale with size 2 cm long and diameter 0.4 cm. Biopelet then dry in oven for 24 hour with temperature 600C-700C. The quality of biopelet was evaluate according to SNI 8021 : 2014. The result of research showed that the average values of water content of biopellets was range between 6.91% - 9.98%; the average values of ash content was range between 1.02% - 1.69%; the average values of volatile matter content was range between 38.36% - 71.93%; the average values of fixed carbon content was range between 26.45% - 59.97% and the average values of calor was range between 3719,67(cal/g) 5944,33 (cal/g). The composition of oilpalm and Laban wood charcoal and type of adhesives was significantly affected the calor value of biopellets. Meanwhile the other values such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content and fixed carbon content was not significant. The quality of biopellets can fulfill the SNI 8021 : 2014 standard, except on ash content. The best biopellets was achieved on composition 25% oil palm trunk powder : 75% Laban wood charcoal with adhesive tapioca. Keywords : Biopellets, Laban wood, Oilpalm trunk, tapioca, sag

Kualitas Arang Briket Berdasarkan Persentase Arang Batang Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) dan Arang Kayu Laban (Vitex Pubescens Vahl)

Energy is a major component in all human activities. The main source of energy for humans are natural resources derived from fossil carbon, these are petroleum, coal, and gas . The research aimed to determine the quality of charcoal briquettes based on ration percentage of charcoal oil palm trunks and charcoal Laban wood. This study used a completely randomized design. The percentage of oilpalm trunks charcoal (OTC) and Laban wood charcoal (LWC) as follow: 100% OTC; 20% OTC: 80% LWC; 40% OTC : 60%LWC; 60%OTC : 40% LWC ; 80% : 20% LWC; 100% LWC. Particle size of charcoal was 20 mesh adhesive tapioca flour. The charcoal briquettes size was 30-40 mm heigh with diameter 55 mm and made with hydraulic press with pressure 5 tons. Before testing the quality, charcoal briquettes was dried for 48 hours in oven with temperature 80oC. evaluation the quality of charcoal briquettes based on SNI 01-6235-2000. The average value of moisture content ash content, volatile matter content valve and carbon qualified the SNI 01-6235-2000 standard. The best value was achieved on charcoal briquettes with ratio percentage 40% oil palm trunks charcoal and 60% Laban wood charcoal with average calorific value 6377,67 cal/g. the charcoal briquettes produced can be used as an alternative energy for the society. Keywords: Bioenergy, charcoal briquettes, Laban, oil pal

Training during the COVID-19 lockdown : knowledge, beliefs, and practices of 12,526 athletes from 142 countries and six continents

OBJECTIVE Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March–June 2020). RESULTS Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to “maintain training,” and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is “okay to not train during lockdown,” with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered “coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)” to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, < 40% were able to maintain sport-specific training (e.g., long endurance [39%], interval training [35%], weightlifting [33%], most (83%) training for “general fitness and health maintenance” during lockdown. Athletes trained alone (80%) and focused on bodyweight (65%) and cardiovascular (59%) exercise/training during lockdown. Compared with before lockdown, most athletes reported reduced training frequency (from between five and seven sessions per week to four or fewer), shorter training sessions (from ≥ 60 to < 60 min), and lower sport-specific intensity (~ 38% reduction), irrespective of athlete classification. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19-related lockdowns saw marked reductions in athletic training specificity, intensity, frequency, and duration, with notable within-sample differences (by athlete classification). Higher classification athletes had the strongest desire to “maintain” training and the greatest opposition to “not training” during lockdowns. These higher classification athletes retained training specificity to a greater degree than others, probably because of preferential access to limited training resources. More higher classification athletes considered “coaching by correspondence” as sufficient than did lower classification athletes. These lockdown-mediated changes in training were not conducive to maintenance or progression of athletes’ physical capacities and were also likely detrimental to athletes’ mental health. These data can be used by policy makers, athletes, and their multidisciplinary teams to modulate their practice, with a degree of individualization, in the current and continued pandemic-related scenario. Furthermore, the data may drive training-related educational resources for athletes and their multidisciplinary teams. Such upskilling would provide athletes with evidence to inform their training modifications in response to germane situations (e.g., COVID related, injury, and illness).A specific funding was provided by the National Sports Institute of Malaysia for this study.The National Sports Institute of Malaysia.https://www.springer.com/journal/40279am2023Sports Medicin