Available Energy for Life on a Planet, with or without Stellar Radiation

The quest for life in the Universe is often affected by the free use of extrapolations of our phenomenological geocentric knowledge. We point out that the existence of a living organism, and a population of organisms, requires the existence of available energy or, more precisely, available power per unit volume (Sect. 1). This is not a geocentric concept, but a principle that belongs to the foundations of thermodynamics. A quest about availability in the Universe is justified. We discuss the case in which power comes from mining (Sect. 2), and from thermal disequilibrium (Sect. 3). Thermal disequilibrium may show up in two ways: on planets without a star (Sect. 4), and on planets where the surface thermal disequilibrium is dominated by the incoming photon flux from the nearest star (Sect. 6). In the first case we study the availability by simulating the structure of the planet with a simple model that contains the general features of the problem. For the first case we show that the availability is in general very small (Sect. 5). In the second case we show that the availability is in general large; the order of magnitude depends first of all on the star's temperature and the planet's orbit, but is also controlled by the greenhouse gases present on the planet.Comment: 30 pages, 10 figures, to be published in Nuovo Cimento

Prey-predator dynamics driven by the solar radiation. Part I

We study a model ecosystem represented by two components: prey and predator. The predator feeds only on the prey, the prey, in turn, feeds on the solar radiation. In this scheme the two-species dynamics is no longer independent of the external physical conditions. Such independence was instead postulated in the Lotka-Volterra scheme. In this paper we consider the growth of the prey not unbounded (exponential), but logistic, where the saturation factor is governed by the available solar flux, more precisely by the percent of the solar flux that contains the photon frequencies which can drive the photosynthesis. In this way the solar flux represents the driving term of the dynamics, as we expect in general for a realistic ecosystem. The system is asymptotically stable. The equilibrium values of the prey and predator numbers depend on several parameters. The system contains two nonlinear coupling terms and two coupling parameters. The dependence of the equilibrium point on the coupling parameters is studied in detail. According to this model, we can define a predator efficiency and a global solar efficiency. We discuss the relationship between these two functions of the coupling parameters and the maximum value that the predator population can reach

Constraints in the coupling Star-Life

If life is sustained by a process of photosynthesis, not necessarily the same existing on Earth, the surface temperature of the star and the orbit of the host planet cannot be whatsoever. In fact the global life cycle, no matter how complicated, must contain in general an upper photochemical branch and a lower dark branch, characterized by a higher and a lower temperature. These two temperatures are star-orbit related. The velocity along the cycle or, in other words, the power of the life machine, depends in general on several other parameters. First of all the Gibbs photon availability, which is a star-orbit parameter and is the input for the upper branch. Then follows the energy cascade that develops along the organic web with a large number of interactions and typical times that must match the typical times generated by the combination of spin value and orientation, eccentricity and precession. Finally, the capacity of the web to keep the global life cycle running along the life span of the star, comes from some inner form of self-endurance and self-balance. The property of not being transient could be the right way of introducing the concept of intelligent life.Comment: 56 pages, 21 figures. In order to reduce size, the version on the archive has low-resolution figures. A version of the paper with full resolution may be requested to [email protected]

Prey-predator dynamics with periodic solar input. Part II

We study a two-component model ecosystem driven by a sinusoidal solar radiation. The governing dynamical system is expressed by two nonlinear differential equations, where the driving term appears factorized to one of the two unknown functions. We show that the solution is asymptotically periodic, with the period of the driving term. Moreover, we find that the asymptotic solution, with the variation of the frequency of the input, shows a resonant-like behaviour. We discuss the interesting similarity between the response of the ecosystem to the external driving term and the response of a genuine resonant system

Valores olímpicos e o propósito da Educação Física Escolar: perspectivas de professores de Educação Física

The Olympic values, idealized by Pierre de Coubertin, represent indispensable human values for physical education and for the integral formation of a citizen. In this sense, physical education is a powerful tool regarding the formation of human values, such as friendship, excellence, respect, courage, determination, inspiration, and equality. Additionally, school could be a place to transmit these values as it prepares students to life in society. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the perspectives of 12 physical education teachers from schools in São Paulo in relation to the purpose of school physical education, seeking points of dialogue with the Olympic values. For this, data was analyzed, based on content analysis and statistical analysis that was taken from the answers of two questions: 1) What is school physical education? And 2) What should it teach? The results were then compared with the existing literature on the subject. It was concluded that teachers relate, in part, the purpose and concept of school physical education with the Olympic values inside the school environment, although there are still gaps for the complete understanding of the concept and importance of the Olympic values.Los valores olímpicos, idealizados por Pierre de Coubertin, representan valores humanos indispensables para la educación física y para la formación integral de un ciudadano. En este sentido, la educación física es una herramienta poderosa en lo que respecta a la formación de valores humanos, como la amistad, la excelencia, el respeto, la valentía, la determinación, la inspiración y la igualdad. Además, la escuela puede ser un lugar para la transmisión de estos valores humanos, ya que prepara a los estudiantes para la vida en sociedad. Para eso, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar las perspectivas de los profesores de educación física escolar de las escuelas de São Paulo en relación con el propósito de la educación física escolar, buscando puntos de diálogo con los valores olímpicos. Para ello, se analizó, a partir del análisis de contenido y análisis estadístico, las respuestas de 12 docentes de educación física escolar a las preguntas: 1) ¿Qué es la educación física escolar? y 2) ¿Qué debería enseñar? Luego, los resultados se compararon con la literatura existente sobre el tema. Se concluye que los docentes relacionan, en parte, el propósito y concepto de la educación física escolar con los valores olímpicos en el ámbito escolar, aunque aún existen lagunas para la comprensión completa del concepto y la importancia de los valores olímpicos.Os valores olímpicos, idealizados por Pierre de Coubertin, representam valores humanos indispensáveis para a Educação Física e para a formação integral de um cidadão. Nesse sentido, a Educação Física é uma ferramenta poderosa no que tange a formação de valores humanos, como a amizade, a excelência, o respeito, a coragem, determinação, inspiração e igualdade. Ademais, escola pode ser um local para a transmissão desses valores humanos, pois prepara os estudantes para a vida em sociedade. Assim sendo, o objetivo desse estudo é analisar a perspectiva de professores de Educação Física Escolar provenientes de escolas de São Paulo em relação ao propósito da Educação Física Escolar, buscando pontos de diálogo com os valores olímpicos. Para isso, foi-se analisado, a partir da análise de conteúdo e análise estatística, as respostas de 12 professores de Educação Física Escolar para as perguntas: 1) O que é Educação Física Escolar? E 2) O que ela deve ensinar? Os resultados foram então, comparados com a literatura existente sobre o tema. Conclui-se que os professores relacionam, em parte, a finalidade e conceito da Educação Física Escolar com os valores olímpicos no ambiente escolar, apesar de ainda existirem lacunas para o completo entendimento do conceito e importância dos valores olímpicos

Espaços de memória e pessoas com deficiência

In the city of São Paulo, there are many cultural facilities and currently one of the challenges is to make them a compatible space for people with disabilities. Furthermore, attracting this demographic depends on several factors such as the organization of the institution, the accessibility of the spaces, and more. The objective of this study was to present a brief analysis of museums and memorials that by nature preserve cultural and social importance in the city of São Paulo and that serve people with disabilities. Qualitative bibliographic research was carried out and verified that São Paulo has few spaces that include narratives of people with disabilities in their exhibition material and safeguard their memories.Na cidade de São Paulo existem muitos equipamentos culturais e atualmente um dos desafios é torná-los espaços compatíveis às pessoas com deficiência. Ademais, a captação deste público depende de vários fatores, tais como a organização da instituição, acessibilidade, entre outros. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma reflexão sobre museus e espaços de memória que, por natureza, guardam construções de importância cultural e social na cidade de São Paulo e que contemplam pessoas com deficiência. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo bibliográfica. Por meio do estudo verificamos que São Paulo possui poucos espaços que compreendem narrativas de pessoas com deficiência em seu material expositivo e salvaguarda de suas memórias

Magnetic resonance urography of congenital abnormalities - what the radiologist needs to know

Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract include a wide range of malformations ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening conditions. Although pediatric urogenital system imaging is based on the use of US (pre- and postnatal), voiding cystourethrography and scintigraphic study, magnetic resonance (MR) urography plays a fundamental role in the classification and management of congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract, giving an overview of the different clinical pictures, thanks to its panoramicity and high anatomical detail. In fact the anomalies of the urinary tract are phenotypically variable because they can affect simultaneously several segments of different embryonic derivation, with complex clinical pictures; they can appear both as isolated phenotypes or as complex malformative conditions, involving renal parenchyma, collecting system and bladder. A deep knowledge of this complex embryogenesis and its possible phenotypic patterns allows a correct interpretation of MR urography images. We describe the embryology and pathophysiology of congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract as well as MR urography technique and findings. Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract are classified into four groups: (1) obstruction (proximal, middle and distal), (2) budding with respect to the Wolffian duct (site and number of ureter), (3) ascent and rotation (ectopia, malrotation and fusion of kidney) and (4) anomaly of metanephric differentiation (dysplasia, megapolicalycosis)

Evaluation of gasometric parameters in trauma patients during mobile prehospital care

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate gasometric differences of severe trauma patients requiring intubation in prehospital care. METHODS: Patients requiring airway management were submitted to collection of arterial blood samples at the beginning of pre-hospital care and at arrival at the Emergency Room. We analyzed: Glasgow Coma Scale, respiratory rate, arterial pH, arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2), arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2), base excess (BE), hemoglobin O2 saturation (SpO2) and the relation of PaO2 and inspired O2 (PaO2/FiO2). RESULTS: There was statistical significance of the mean differences between the data collected at the site of the accident and at the entrance of the ER as for respiratory rate (p = 0.0181), Glasgow Coma Scale (p = 0.0084), PaO2 (p <0.0001) and SpO2 (p = 0.0018). CONCLUSION: tracheal intubation changes the parameters PaO2 and SpO2. There was no difference in metabolic parameters (pH, bicarbonate and base excess). In the analysis of blood gas parameters between survivors and non-survivors there was statistical difference between PaO2, hemoglobin oxygen saturation and base excess.OBJETIVO: avaliar diferenças gasométricas dos pacientes traumatizados graves que necessitaram de intubação orotraqueal no atendimento pré-hospitalar. MÉTODOS: foram colhidas amostras de sangue dos pacientes que necessitaram de manejo de via aérea no início do atendimento pré-hospitalar e ao dar entrada na Unidade de Urgência. Foram analisados: pH, pressão arterial de CO2 (PaCO2), pressão arterial de O2 (PaO2), excesso de base (BE), saturação da hemoglobina por O2 (satO2) e a relação PaO2 e a fração inspirada de O2 (PaO2/FiO2). RESULTADOS: houve significância estatística entre as diferenças das médias entre os dados coletados no local do sinistro e na entrada da UUE na Frequência respiratória (p=0,0181), na Escala de Coma de Glasgow (p=0,0084), na pressão parcial arterial de oxigênio (PaO2; p<0,0001) e na saturação da hemoglobina pelo oxigênio (p=0,0018). CONCLUSÃO: a intubação orotraqueal altera os parâmetros PaO2 e saturação de oxigênio pela hemoglobina. Não houve diferença nos parâmetros metabólicos (pH, Bicarbonato e excesso de base). Na análise dos parâmetros hemogasométricos dos sobreviventes e não sobreviventes observou-se diferença estatística entre o PaO2, saturação de oxigênio pela hemoglobina e excesso de base.29329

Evaluation Of Gasometric Parameters In Trauma Patients During Mobile Prehospital Care [avaliação Dos Parâmetros Gasométricos Dos Traumatizados Durante O Atendimento Pré-hospitalar Móvel]

Objective: To evaluate gasometric differences of severe trauma patients requiring intubation in prehospital care. Methods: Patients requiring airway management were submitted to collection of arterial blood samples at the beginning of pre-hospital care and at arrival at the Emergency Room. We analyzed: Glasgow Coma Scale, respiratory rate, arterial pH, arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2), arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2), base excess (BE), hemoglobin O2 saturation (SpO2) and the relation of PaO2 and inspired O2 (PaO2/FiO2). Results: There was statistical significance of the mean differences between the data collected at the site of the accident and at the entrance of the ER as for respiratory rate (p = 0.0181), Glasgow Coma Scale (p = 0.0084), PaO2 (p &lt;0.0001) and SpO2 (p = 0.0018). Conclusion: tracheal intubation changes the parameters PaO2 and SpO2. There was no difference in metabolic parameters (pH, bicarbonate and base excess). 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