724 research outputs found

    Influence des défauts de fonderie sur le comportement en fatigue de l'alliage aéronautique A357-T6

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    The excellent castability, relatively low production costs, and high strength to weight ratios make Al-Si-Mg cast alloys an attractive choice for use in cheaper and lighter engineering components, in both automotive and aerospace industries. However, it is well known that High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) lives (105 < Nf < 107 cycles) of cast components are severely reduced when casting defects (notably pores and oxides) are present at the free surface or subsurface. They act as stress raisers which can considerably reduce the crack incubation period depending on their size, shape and the microstructural features of the surrounding material. Internal casting defects are of special interest to this work. The application of safety coefficients considers that all casting defects present in a component have the same deleterious effect and no attention is paid, for example, to their distance to the free surface. In other words, internal defects (corresponding to the case where the depth of the defect allows crack nucleation and propagation to essentially occur without interaction with the air environment) are considered as damaging to fatigue life as surface defects (those placed at the free surface and in contact with the air environment). Surface crack monitoring performed on uniaxial fatigue specimens indicates that the presence of a surface microshrinkage exceeding the size of microstructurally small cracks (√A ≈ 500 ÎŒm, controlled by the SDAS) readily nucleates a fatigue cracks producing steady crack propagation and remarkable reduction in the expected fatigue life. A smaller surface defect (√A ≈ 300 ÎŒm) nucleated a crack that did not reduced the expected fatigue life as in this case early stages of propagation are still nfluenced by the SDAS. Pure torsional cycling reveals that the morphology of fracture surfaces is highly influenced by the stress level. In general, torsional fatigue behaviour is described by having reduced (with respect to uniaxial testing) and multisite crack nucleation periods. Several dominant cracks can evolve simultaneously and the final failure occurs by the linkage of some of those cracks. Crack propagation is controlled by the crystallography and pores do not appear to be preferential nucleation sites. S-N curves show that macroscopic specimens containing Øeq ≈ 2 mm internal artificial defect produce similar fatigue lives to those obtained with a defect-free material. Internal crack nucleation was rarely observed during synchrotron tomography experiments; instead the fatal cracks initiated from much smaller surface defects. Tomographic images show that, in the case of internal propagation, crystallographic paths are formed while surface cracks propagate in mode I. The crack growth rate of internal cracks is much smaller than that of cracks propagating from the free surface.L’excellente coulabilitĂ©, les coĂ»ts de production relativement bas, et ratio poids/rĂ©sistance mĂ©canique Ă©levĂ© des alliages de fonderie Al-Si-Mg en font une des solutions les plus intĂ©ressantes dans le secteur automobile ainsi que dans le domaine aĂ©rospatial. Toutefois, il est bien connu que la durĂ©e de vie de ces composants moulĂ©s Ă  grand nombre de cycles (105 < Nf < 107 cycles) est sĂ©vĂšrement rĂ©duite lorsque des dĂ©fauts de fonderie (notamment pores et oxydes) sont dĂ©bouchants et/ou subsurfaciques sont prĂ©sents. Ces dĂ©fauts concentrent les contraintes et peuvent considĂ©rablement rĂ©duire la pĂ©riode d’amorçage des fissures de fatigue en fonction de leur taille, forme et des caractĂ©ristiques microstructurales du matĂ©riau. Les dĂ©fauts internes (Ă  partir desquels les fissures peuvent amorcer et propager sans interaction avec l’air ambiant) ainsi que les dĂ©fauts de surface (ceux qui sont placĂ©s Ă  la surface et en contact direct avec l’air ambiant) vont Ă©galement nuire la durĂ©e de vie des composants moulĂ©s. Toutefois, dans le cas des dĂ©fauts internes, les coefficients de sĂ©curitĂ© prĂ©conisĂ©s par les rĂšgles de conception ne font pas intervenir la distance de dĂ©faut par rapport Ă  la surface. Le suivi de fissures de fatigue effectuĂ© Ă  la surface d’éprouvettes macroscopiques de traction indique que la prĂ©sence d’un dĂ©faut avec une taille supĂ©rieure Ă  celle des fissures microstructuralement courtes (√A ≈ 500 ÎŒm, taille contrĂŽlĂ©e par la SDAS) produit une remarquable rĂ©duction de la durĂ©e vie. En revanche, la durĂ©e de vie n’est pas affectĂ©e lorsqu’un dĂ©faut plus petit (√A ≈ 300 ÎŒm) est prĂ©sent Ă  la surface car l’amorçage et les premiers stades de propagation sont encore influencĂ©s par la SDAS. Les essais de fatigue en torsion pure montrent que la morphologie des surfaces de rupture est fortement influencĂ©e par le niveau de contrainte. De plus, le nombre de cycles Ă  l’amorçage est rĂ©duit par rapport Ă  la traction. Cet amorçage est multi-site et plusieurs fissures peuvent croitre simultanĂ©ment au cours de la durĂ©e de vie d’une Ă©prouvette, la rupture finale se produisant lors de la jonction de certaines de ces fissures. La propagation des fissures en torsion est largement influencĂ©e par la cristallographie locale et les retassures ne semblent pas ĂȘtre des sites de nuclĂ©ation prĂ©fĂ©rentiels. Les durĂ©es de vie odes Ă©chantillons macroscopiques contenant dĂ©fauts artificiel internes (Øeq ≈ 2 mm) sont pratiquement similaires Ă  celles obtenues avec un matĂ©riau de rĂ©fĂ©rence. L’amorçage et la propagation de fissures internes a Ă©tĂ© rarement observĂ© lors des expĂ©riences de tomographie synchrotron. Dans les rares cas oĂč de telles fissures ont pu ĂȘtre observĂ©es, le chemin de fissuration semble fortement influencĂ© par la cristallographie alors que les fissures amorcĂ©es depuis la surface se propagent globalement en mode I. La vitesse de propagation des fissures internes est trĂšs infĂ©rieure Ă  celle des fissures se propageant Ă  partir de la surface

    Fast oxidation of the neonicotinoid pesticides listed in the EU Decision 2018/840 from aqueous solutions

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    Neonicotinoid pesticides family is nowadays identified as the most important type of insecticides in the world. Their consequent widespread occurrence in the environment represents not only a well-known risk for bees but also a significant negative impact in aquatic ecosystems. In this work, the capability of catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) (Fe3O4-R400/H2O2) as a low-cost and environmentally-friendly system for the treatment of the neonicotinoid pesticides listed in the EU Watch List (Decision 2018/840) (acetamiprid (ACT), clothianidin (CLT), imidacloprid (IMD), thiacloprid (THC) and thiamethoxam (THM)) has been investigated. Remarkably, complete elimination of the pollutants (1000 g L-1)and the aromatic by-products was reached in 20 min reaction time operating at 25 °C, 1 atm, and pH0 = 5,, with the stoichiometric H2O2 amount (~4 – 5 mg L-1) and 1 g L-1 catalyst load. The reactivity order of the insecticides decreased as follows: THC>IMD>THM>CLT>ACT, being the pseudo-first order rate constant values within the range of 0.26 – 0.61 min-1. Notably, high mineralization yields were obtained (>50%) being the final effluents non-toxic. As example, the oxidation pathway of ACT was proposed. Finally, the catalytic system was tested in real surface waterThis research has been founded by the CTM2016-76454-R project (Spanish MINECO) and by the S2013/MAE-2716 project (CM). M. Munoz thanks the postdoctoral Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC-2016-20648) to the Spanish MINEC

    Health economics: identifying leading producers, countries relative specialization and themes

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    El ĂĄrea de investigaciĂłn en economĂ­a de la salud tuvo una gran evoluciĂłn a partir de la dĂ©cada de 1960 y estĂĄ en constante crecimiento. Actualmente, el gasto en salud es un tema clave en todo el mundo. La&nbsp;bibliometrĂ­a proporciona varios mĂ©todos para explorar el impacto y la evoluciĂłn de la investigaciĂłn. AsĂ­ pues, el principal objetivo del presente estudio es comprender la situaciĂłn actual de la investigaciĂłn en materia de economĂ­a de la salud para el perĂ­odo 2010-2019. Se analizaron tres aspectos diferentes: la producciĂłn de los paĂ­ses, el Ă­ndice de prioridad relativa y los temas principales. El conjunto de datos se obtuvo a partir de los documentos indizados en la base de datos Web of Science de 2010 a 2019. Se utilizĂł el software SciMAT para obtener el anĂĄlisis temĂĄtico mediante el anĂĄlisis de mapas de la ciencia. Las revistas Health economics, Value in Health, Journal of Health Economics y European Journal of Health Economics son los principales productoras. Estados Unidos, Inglaterra y Alemania son los que tienen una mayor producciĂłn; los PaĂ­ses Bajos, Inglaterra y Australia son los que tienen el Ă­ndice de prioridad relativa mĂĄs alto. Los años de vida ajustados en funciĂłn de la calidad y la desigualdad en materia de salud son los temas con mayor nĂșmero de documentos y medidas de impacto. Este estudio es un marco Ăștil basado en ciencia que servirĂĄ de base para futuras acciones de investigaciĂłn.Health economics research area was a high evolution from the 1960s and it is constantly growing. Currently, the health expenditure is a key issue worldwide. Bibliometrics provides several methods to explore the impact and evolution of the research. Thus, the main aim of the present study is to understand the current status of the research in health economics for the period 2010-2019. Three different aspects were analyzed: countries production, relative priority index and main themes. The dataset was obtained from the documents indexed in the Web of Science database from 2010 to 2019. SciMAT software was used to obtain the thematic analysis by means of science mapping analysis. The journals Health economics, Value in Health, Journal of Health Economics, and European Journal of Health Economics are the main producers. USA, England and Germany are those with highest production; Netherlands, England and Australia are those with the highest relative priority index. Quality adjusted life years and Health inequality are the themes with the highest number of documents and impact measures. This study is a useful evidence-based framework on which to base future research actions

    Estimation des effets des facteurs fixes sur les poids des agneaux et sur la prolificité des brebis de la race ovine Segurana dans le sud-est espagnol

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    L'analyse réalisée sur les poids et les gains moyens quotidiens de 7294 agneaux a montré que les ~ffets des facteurs: année, saison et type de naissance, ainsi que ceux' du sexe de l'agneau, de l'ùge de la mÚre à la mise-bas et de la covariable ùge de l'agneau au sevrage, sont hautement significatifs sur le poids et sur la vitesse de croissance. D'autre part, l'analyse réalisée sur 5921. mises-bas de 1279 brebis a montré que les effets des facteurs: année d'agnelage, son interaction avec la saison d'agnelage-et l'ùge de la brebis à la mise-bas sont hautement significatifs sur la prolificité. Par ailleurs, il ressort de ces analyses que la permanence des brebis dans l'élevage, au delà de leur ùge de réforme (8-9 ans), a des répercussions négatives aussi bien sur leur prolificité que sur les performances pondérales de leur descendance. Aussi, les résultats obtenus suggÚrent qu'il ne faut pas sevrer trop tardivement les agneaux à croissance lente, pour bien profiter de leur vitesse de croissance aprÚs sevrage, qui est généralement supérieure à celle d'avant sevrage

    Study of tyrosine and dopa enantiomers as tyrosinase substrates initiating L‐ and D‐melanogenesis pathways

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    Tyrosinase starts melanogenesis and determines its course, catalyzing the oxidation by molecular oxygen of tyrosine to dopa, and that of dopa to dopaquinone. Then, nonenzymatic coupling reactions lead to dopachrome, which evolves toward melanin. Recently, it has been reported that d‐tyrosine acts as tyrosinase inhibitor and depigmenting agent. The action of tyrosinase on the enantiomers of tyrosine (l‐tyrosine and d‐tyrosine) and dopa (l‐dopa and d‐dopa) was studied for the first time focusing on quantitative transient phase kinetics. Post‐steady‐state transient phase studies revealed that l‐dopachrome is formed more rapidly than d‐dopachrome. This is due to the lower values of Michaelis constants for l‐enantiomers than for d‐enantiomers, although the maximum rates are equal for both enantiomers. A deeper analysis of the inter‐steady‐state transient phase of monophenols demonstrated that the enantiomer d‐tyrosine causes a longer lag period and a lower steady‐state rate, than l‐tyrosine at the same concentration. Therefore, d‐melanogenesis from d‐tyrosine occurs more slowly than does l‐melanogenesis from l‐tyrosine, which suggests the apparent inhibition of melanin biosynthesis by d‐tyrosine. As conclusion, d‐tyrosine acts as a real substrate of tyrosinase, with low catalytic efficiency and, therefore, delays the formation of d‐melanin
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