Salmon lice dispersion in a northern Norwegian fjord system and the impact of vertical movements

-The abundance and distribution of salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmons originating from fish farms in a northern Norwegian fjord during the summer of 2010 was investigated by means of a numerical model, underpinned by field observations. In order to evaluate the robustness of the simulated distribution of the lice, we re-ran the simulation several times, changing the vertical responses of the lice to environmental cues such as light and turbulence, in addition to altering their vertical swimming velocity. The model was able to realistically reproduce the observed currents and stratification in the region. The simulated distribution of lice was not sensitive to different implementations of surface light nor to the light sensitivity level of the lice. However, the vertical swimming velocity and a mixing parameter influenced both their vertical distribution and horizontal dispersion. The aggregation of lice along land was influenced by their response to turbulent water. The simulated infectious stages of the lice were transported on average 20 to 45 km from their release site. The simulated concentrations of infectious lice varied in sync with lice infestations observed on wild fish in the area. Less than 1% of the simulated lice reached a farm site. The ratio between internal and external exposure ranged from 7 to 57%. Farms in the north of the fjord system were more exposed to lice released in the south than vice versa

A virtual laboratory for an enhanced and safe understanding of the electric transformers operation

[EN] The paper presents an educational software designed to simulate the behaviour of an electric transformer under no-load, shortcircuit and load test, measuring its input and output magnitudes through network analysers, and enabling the supply voltage and load regulations. This virtual laboratory allows to achieve several objectives. First, the student becomes familiar with the system to be operated in the real laboratory, reducing the subsequent electrical risk and optimizing the time required for carrying out the practice. Second, it enhances the understanding of transformers behaviour, its modelling through the equivalent electrical circuit, and the calculation of its two most characteristic parameters during its operation (performance and internal voltage drop). Finally, the application auto evaluates the transformer characterization performed by the student. The simulator reproduces schematically, but precisely, the assembly that the student faces during the lab lesson: an autotransformer to regulate the supply voltage, a transformer, two input and output network analysers, and different types of loads. The tool is structured in three panels. In the first panel, the student selects a transformer from 24 options, and performs its shortcircuit and no-load tests to characterize it through its electric equivalent circuit. Panels 2 and 3 enable load tests and its main characteristics calculation (performance and internal voltage drop). The student results are introduced in the app to perform auto-evaluation. To measure the performance and usefulness of the application, it has been implemented in the lab lessons of the subject ¿Electrical Technology¿, belonging to the Bachelor¿s Degree in Industrial Electronics and Automation Engineering, taught at the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain). The sample size is 96 students and the methodology used is as follows. The 96 students are subdivided into four groups. The practice lessons follow this sequence: a refreshment of the transformer concepts needed + explanation of the practice lesson to be performed + explanation and use of the app solving an example (only for groups 1 and 2) + real laboratory experience + final test on transformers. Finally, the performances between groups 1-2 and 3-4 are compared. It is observed that the students of groups 1 and 2 obtain better results in the final tests than those of groups 3 and 4, reaching higher levels of learning thanks to the previous use of the simulator. On the other hand, it is also observed that the time of completion of the real laboratory practice decreases substantially in groups 1 and 2. As a conclusion, there is a great benefit in using this application specifically designed to obtain very specific learning results, since the application is fully adapted to the needs of the degree and therefore to the level of knowledge that the students need to acquire according to the perception and experience of the teaching staff. Finally, based on the results, the application is permanently implemented in the laboratory lessons of Electrical Technology.This project is supported by Universitat Politècnica de València through the Project of Innovation and Educational Improvement Program (PIME 2018-2019/B26).Bonet-Jara, J.; Pons Llinares, J.; Bernal-Perez, S.; Sabater I Serra, R. (2019). A virtual laboratory for an enhanced and safe understanding of the electric transformers operation. IATED. 9177-9186. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.2277S9177918

Migration of postsmolt of Atlantic salmon from Vikedals- and Dirdalsriver in Boknafjorden 2021

publishedVersio

Influence of color in a lactation room on users affective impressions and preferences

[EN] Objective: The present study aims to examine the influence of environmental color hue in a lactation room at a health center on users' affective response and preference. Background: Hospital design plays an important role in the emotional experience of patients. In this regard, many studies have attempted to find relationships between design variables and healthcare facilities users' response. Color has been frequently examined because it is always present in the environment and can be easily changed. However, most of the studies dealing with color-emotion relationships acquire users' affective response by questionnaires developed by experts which could lead to inaccurate results since nonexperts may misunderstand concepts set by experts and use nonimmersive images to simulate the environments to assess. Methods: To overcome these limitations, a Kansei Engineering-based approach was proposed. In the first phase, users' specific affective factors for lactation rooms were determined using Semantic Differential. In the second phase, the influence of nine different color hues on users' affective factors was obtained. An immersive display system was used to visualize the room altering hues in an isolated and controlled way. Results: (1) Six user's affective factors connected to the lactation rooms were discovered: safety, elegance, coziness, spaciousness, simplicity, and luminosity, of which coziness has the most impact on the assessment of the room. (2) Warm colors like orange and yellow tend to score highly for coziness which puts them in leading positions when users' assess lactation rooms. Conclusions: Results provide recommendations for designers and show the advantages of using semantic differential and immersive displays to analyze user's affective response to environments.The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad. Spain [Project TIN2013-45736-R].López-Tarruella, J.; Llinares Millán, MDC.; Serra Lluch, J.; Iñarra Abad, S.; Wijk, H. (2019). Influence of color in a lactation room on users affective impressions and preferences. HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal. 12(2):55-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867187965935570122Codinhoto, R., Tzortzopoulos, P., Kagioglou, M., Aouad, G., & Cooper, R. (2009). The impacts of the built environment on health outcomes. Facilities, 27(3/4), 138-151. doi:10.1108/02632770910933152Dalke, H., Little, J., Niemann, E., Camgoz, N., Steadman, G., Hill, S., & Stott, L. (2006). Colour and lighting in hospital design. Optics & Laser Technology, 38(4-6), 343-365. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.06.040Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. doi:10.3758/bf03193146Gao, X.-P., & Xin, J. H. (2006). Investigation of human’s emotional responses on colors. Color Research & Application, 31(5), 411-417. doi:10.1002/col.20246Gledhill, D., Tian, G. Y., Taylor, D., & Clarke, D. (2003). Panoramic imaging—a review. Computers & Graphics, 27(3), 435-445. doi:10.1016/s0097-8493(03)00038-4Gray, W. A., Kesten, K. S., Hurst, S., & Anderko, L. (2012). Using Clinical Simulation Centers to Test Design Interventions: A Pilot Study of Lighting and Color Modifications. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 5(3), 46-65. doi:10.1177/193758671200500306Trujillo, J. L. H., Aviñó, A. M. i, & Millán, C. L. (2016). User Evaluation of Neonatology Ward Design. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 10(2), 23-48. doi:10.1177/1937586716641275Kaya, N., & Crosby, M. (2005). Color associations with different building types: An experimental study on American college students. Color Research & Application, 31(1), 67-71. doi:10.1002/col.20174Küller, R., Mikellides, B., & Janssens, J. (2009). Color, arousal, and performance-A comparison of three experiments. Color Research & Application, 34(2), 141-152. doi:10.1002/col.20476Leino-Kilpi, H., Välimäki, M., Dassen, T., Gasull, M., Lemonidou, C., Scott, A., & Arndt, M. (2001). Privacy: a review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38(6), 663-671. doi:10.1016/s0020-7489(00)00111-5López-Tarruella Maldonado, J., LINARES MILLAN, C., GUIXERES PROVINCIALE, J., & HIGUERA TRUJILLO, J. L. (2016). ENTORNOS VIRTUALES ONLINE Y DISEÑO CENTRADO EN EL USUARIO: UN ESTUDIO DE CASO. DYNA INGENIERIA E INDUSTRIA, 91(1), 634-638. doi:10.6036/7905Malenbaum, S., Keefe, F. J., Williams, A. C. de C., Ulrich, R., & Somers, T. J. (2008). Pain in its environmental context: Implications for designing environments to enhance pain control. Pain, 134(3), 241-244. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.12.002Manav, B. (2007). Color-emotion associations and color preferences: A case study for residences. Color Research & Application, 32(2), 144-150. doi:10.1002/col.20294Mourshed, M., & Zhao, Y. (2012). Healthcare providers’ perception of design factors related to physical environments in hospitals. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(4), 362-370. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.06.004O’Connor, Z. (2011). Colour psychology and colour therapy: Caveat emptor. Color Research & Application, 36(3), 229-234. doi:10.1002/col.20597Schütte *, S. T. W., Eklund, J., Axelsson, J. R. C., & Nagamachi, M. (2004). Concepts, methods and tools in Kansei engineering. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 5(3), 214-231. doi:10.1080/1463922021000049980Shin, J.-H. (2004). Hospital Birthing Room Design: A Study Of Mothers’ Perception Of Hominess. Journal of Interior Design, 30(1), 23-36. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1668.2004.tb00397.xStamps, A. E. (1990). Use of Photographs to Simulate Environments: A Meta-Analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71(3), 907-913. doi:10.2466/pms.1990.71.3.907Stamps, A. E. (2007). Evaluating spaciousness in static and dynamic media. Design Studies, 28(5), 535-557. doi:10.1016/j.destud.2007.01.001Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the Beginning: An Introduction to Coefficient Alpha and Internal Consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 99-103. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8001_18Ulrich, R. S., Zimring, C., Zhu, X., DuBose, J., Seo, H.-B., Choi, Y.-S., … Joseph, A. (2008). A Review of the Research Literature on Evidence-Based Healthcare Design. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 1(3), 61-125. doi:10.1177/193758670800100306Valdez, P., & Mehrabian, A. (1994). Effects of color on emotions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123(4), 394-409. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.123.4.394Yu, C., & Yoon, H. (2010). The Role of Colour in ‘Health and Wellbeing’ of the Built Environment. Indoor and Built Environment, 19(4), 403-404. doi:10.1177/1420326x1037806

Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and anchor worms (Lernaea cyprinacea) found on sea trout (Salmo trutta) in the River Minho catchment, an important area for conservation in NW Spain

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank M. N. Cueto and J. M. Antonio (ECOBIOMAR) for molecular analysis and technical support. K. MacKenzie (University of Aberdeen) and A. Roura (ECOBIOMAR) assisted with the taxonomic identification of parasites. We are also grateful to P. Caballero (Service Nature Conservation of the Xunta de Galicia) for fish sampling support.Peer reviewedPostprin

A virtual reality study in university classrooms: The influence of classroom colour on memory and attention

[EN] Design of teaching spaces influences the cognitive abilities of its users. Among the design variables, the colour stands out for the ease of its implementation and its aesthetic possibilities. Previous studies suggest that it can influence students' academic progress. However, due to the difficulty in studying their combinations, only a limited number of colours have been exhaustively studied. This was the objective of the present study: to contribute to the study of the effect of different colour parameters applied on the walls of university classrooms on students’ memory and attention performances. To address it, a virtual reality study was carried out with 80 university students. The colour variable was studied through two parameters: hue (8 settings) and saturation (2 settings). The resulting 16 combinations were implemented in a virtual reality university classroom. Memory performance was quantified using a psychological task of remembering an auditory word list, and attention was quantified by the reaction time to auditory stimuli. Analyses indicate that memory and attention performance is affected by some of these parameters, so they could be especially critical in the design of this type of space. Results may be of interest to different agents involved in the university classroom project, from architects and designers to the political leaders of these institutions.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad of Spain (Project BIA2017-86157-R, and PRE2018-084051)Higuera Trujillo, JL.; Llinares Millán, MDC.; Iñarra Abad, S.; Serra Lluch, JDR. (2021). A virtual reality study in university classrooms: The influence of classroom colour on memory and attention. En Proceedings INNODOCT/20. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 129-136. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2020.2020.11858OCS12913

Development of an e-learning platform for improving and assessing the student outcomes in electrical engineering

[EN] In the European Higher Education Area, the concept of `education¿ can be defined as a process that facilitates learning. The process will culminate successfully if our students have really learned and not necessarily because we have taught them. Taking into account the educational environment in which we are immersed, the learning process must be turned into a process where the students become aware of their goals and the teacher is transformed into a guide that escorts the students towards the achievement of the objectives. The organization of teaching in this environment involves developing new conceptualizations and methodologies, which can be applied jointly to classical methodologies, acting in a complementary and also synergistic manner. Currently, all academic institutions use virtual campus platforms for educational purposes. At the Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain), this virtual system can be used as a repository of academic material but also has tools for the development of applications based on e-learning. In the present paper, an e-learning platform has been designed for students of electronic engineering that guide the learners to understand theoretical concepts, integrate theory and practice, and apply knowledge and skills to develop a viable solution to specific problems. The importance of defining and assessing learning outcomes, that is, the competences that students should have acquired and can use, have also been considered. To achieve this goal, a problem-based learning approach has been used so the students learn to identify and interpret data and design strategies to solve problems applying concepts of analysis of electrical circuits. First, the most relevant competences that the students must achieve has been analysed (`Knowledge and use of the principles of theory of circuits and electric machines¿, `Applied knowledge of electrical engineering¿ and `Analysis and resolution of problems¿). Based on them, a battery of tests and tasks has been designed, in order to reinforce the theoretic concepts and analyse and solve problems. The `Test & Quizzes¿ tool of the system has been used to develop the e-learning platform, in which selfevaluation has been also integrated in order to become an effective instrument for learning. The focus has been put on the design of the strategy in relation to the competences that students should acquire, the experience gained during the development of the e-learning platform and the students¿ satisfaction after the implementation.This project is supported by Universitat Politècnica de València through the Project of Innovation and Educational Improvement Program (PIME 2018-2019/B26).Pons Llinares, J.; Bernal-Perez, S.; García-Sánchez, TM.; Bonet-Jara, J.; Sabater I Serra, R. (2019). Development of an e-learning platform for improving and assessing the student outcomes in electrical engineering. IATED. 9169-9176. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.2276S9169917

The abundance of galaxy clusters in MOND: Cosmological simulations with massive neutrinos

We present a new Particle-Mesh cosmological N-body code for accurately solving the modified Poisson equation of the Quasi Linear formulation of MOND. We generate initial conditions for the Angus (2009) cosmological model, which is identical to LCDM except that the cold dark matter is switched for a single species of thermal sterile neutrinos. We set the initial conditions at z=250 for a (512 Mpc/h)^3 box with 256^3 particles and we evolve them down to z=0. We clearly demonstrate the necessity of MOND for developing the large scale structure in a hot dark matter cosmology and contradict the naive expectation that MOND cannot form galaxy clusters. We find that the correct order of magnitude of X-ray clusters (with T_X > 4.5 keV) can be formed, but that we overpredict the number of very rich clusters and seriously underpredict the number of lower mass clusters. The latter is a shortcoming of the resolution of our simulations, whereas we suggest that the over production of very rich clusters might be prevented by incorporating a MOND acceleration constant that varies with redshift and an expansion history that cannot be described by the usual Friedmann models. We present evidence that suggests the density profiles of our simulated clusters are compatible with those of observed X-ray clusters in MOND. It remains to be seen if the low mass end of the cluster mass function can be reproduced and if the high densities of dark matter in the central 20 kpc of groups and clusters of galaxies, measured in the MOND framework, can be achieved. As a last test, we computed the relative velocity between pairs of halos within 10 Mpc and find that pairs with velocities larger than 3000 km/s like the bullet cluster, can form without difficulty.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figur

Vandring hos postsmolt av laks i Boknafjorden 2020 - Status for første året

For å kartlegge utvandringsperiode og vandring til smolt gjennom Boknafjorden ble laksesmolt fra Dirdalselven (N=48) i Høgsfjorden og Vikadalselven (N=23) i Vindafjord fanget og merket med akustiske merker. Fisken i Dirdalselven ble merket mellom 18. april – 1. mai, i Vikadalselven 22. april. Smoltens utvandring fra elvene og deres vandring i Boknafjorden ble undersøkt ved å sette ut lyttebøyer som registrerer lydsignalet fra de akustiske merkene. Halvparten av fisken hadde vandret ut 22. og 19. mai for henholdsvis Dirdals og Vikadalselven. Utvandringen fra Dirdalselven var spredt over en lang tidsperiode (29. april – 5. juni), men høyest antall vandret ut 4.-5. og 20.-23. mai. Utvandringen fra Vikadalselven var konsentrert til tidsrommet 12.-23. mai, med størst utvandring 21.-23. mai. I Dirdalselven startet 25 fisk vandringen, 8 av disse er registrert på en av de ytterste bøyene. De fleste av disse svømte ut Byfjorden eller Mastrasundet. I Vikadalselven startet 16 fisk vandringen, men bare 4 ble registrert i ytterst i Vindafjorden. 3 av disse svømte videre utover på nordsiden av Boknafjorden, og 1 av disse ble videre registrert på en av de ytterste bøyene. Fisken holdt seg nær overflaten under utvandringen fra begge elvene. I snitt hadde fisken fra Dirdalselven en progresjonshastighet utover Høgsfjorden med 1,03 km/time, og derfra til Byfjorden med 0,28 km/time, totalt har de brukt ca. 4-5 døgn på vandringen fra elv til Byfjorden. Progresjonshastigheten til fisken fra Vikadalselven var mye lavere i starten av vandringen, hvor de hadde en progresjonshastighet på 0,18 km/time til ute i Vindafjorden, men deretter svømte de med 0,46 km/time frem til lyttebøyene ved Nedstrand. I snitt har de brukt i underkant av 5 døgn fra elv til bøyene ved Nedstrand.publishedVersio

Behaviour and habitat use of first-time migrant Arctic charr: novel insights from a subarctic marine area

Anadromous Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus is a cold-adapted salmonid that is vulnerable to climate warming and anthropogenic activities including salmon farming, hydropower regulation, and pollution, which poses a multiple-stressor scenario that influences or threatens populations. We studied the horizontal and vertical behaviour of Arctic charr tagged with acoustic transmitters (n = 45, mean fish length: 22 cm) in a pristine, subarctic marine area to provide insights into the behaviour of first-time migrants. Tagged fish spent up to 78 d at sea, with high marine survival (82% returned to their native watercourse). While at sea, they utilized mostly near-shore areas, up to 45 km away from their native river. Arctic charr showed large variation in migration distance (mean ± SD: 222 ± 174 km), and the migration distance increased with body size. Although the fish displayed a strong fidelity to surface waters (0-3 m), spatiotemporal variation in depth use was evident, with fish utilizing deeper depths during the day and in late July. These results represent baseline data on Arctic charr’s marine behaviour in a pristine fjord system and highlight the importance of near-shore surface water as feeding areas for first-time migrants. Furthermore, the observed dependency on coastal areas implies a vulnerability to increasing human-induced perturbations, on top of impacts by large-scale climate change in marine and freshwater habitats.publishedVersio