"La Araucana" y la “Nueva novela histórica”

In the present essay we assess the narratives of the conquest, and specifically La Araucana, in the light of Aínsa and Menton’s concept of the “New Historical Novel”. We show that this epic presents many features that characterize their definition. We conclude that if the genre of the historical novel starts from the common basis of the epic, La Araucana is the work that best reflects this transition; it no longer belongs exclusively to history or to the novel, but is one of the earliest historical novels of literature –if not the earliest– written in Spanish.En el presente ensayo, aplicamos los rasgos que Aínsa y Menton consideran que definen la “Nueva novela histórica” a los relatos de conquista, y concretamente, a La Araucana, para demostrar cómo dicha obra épica tiene muchas características comunes con la “Nueva novela histórica”. Concluimos que si, como se ha establecido, los géneros histórico y novelesco parten del tronco común de la epopeya, La Araucana es, de todas las epopeyas, la que determina ese salto, pues ya no pertenece exclusivamente ni a la historia ni a la novela, sino que puede ser considerada, si no la primera, como una de las primeras novelas históricas de la literatura escrita en español

A two-phase scenario for bulge assembly in ΛcDM cosmologies

The Astrophysical Journal 763.1 (2013): 26 reproduced by permission of the AASWe analyze and compare the bulges of a sample of L* spiral galaxies in hydrodynamical simulations in a cosmological context, using two different codes, P-DEVA and GASOLINE. The codes regulate star formation in very different ways, with P-DEVA simulations inputting low star formation efficiency under the assumption that feedback occurs on subgrid scales, while the GASOLINE simulations have feedback that drives large-scale outflows. In all cases, the marked knee shape in mass aggregation tracks, corresponding to the transition from an early phase of rapid mass assembly to a later slower one, separates the properties of two populations within the simulated bulges. The bulges analyzed show an important early starburst resulting from the collapse-like fast phase of mass assembly, followed by a second phase with lower star formation, driven by a variety of processes such as disk instabilities and/or mergers. Classifying bulge stellar particles identified at z = 0 into old and young according to these two phases, we found bulge stellar sub-populations with distinct kinematics, shapes, stellar ages, and metal contents. The young components are more oblate, generally smaller, more rotationally supported, with higher metallicity and less alpha-element enhanced than the old ones. These results are consistent with the current observational status of bulges, and provide an explanation for some apparently paradoxical observations, such as bulge rejuvenation and metal-content gradients observed. Our results suggest that bulges of L* galaxies will generically have two bulge populations that can be likened to classical and pseudo-bulges, with differences being in the relative proportions of the two, which may vary due to galaxy mass and specific mass accretion and merger histories.This work was partially supported by the MICINN (Spain) through the grants AYA2009-12792-C03-02 and AYA2009-12792-C03-03 from the PNAyA, as well as by the regional Madrid V PRICIT program through the ASTROMADRID network (CAM S2009/ESP-1496) and the “Supercomputación y e-Ciencia” Consolider-Ingenio CSD2007-0050 project

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Índice analítico

El presente volumen reúne las aportaciones de especialistas procedentes de distintas disciplinas humanísticas y de diferentes países y universidades del mundo, con el ánimo de profundizar en un mejor conocimiento de la América colonial. Esta perspectiva interdisciplinar sigue siendo crucial a la hora de analizar y desentrañar los discursos trazados por los protagonistas del proceso de descubrimiento y conquista del Nuevo Mundo. El libro presenta un total de 16 trabajos que pretenden dar cuenta de algunos de los múltiples enfoques desde los que se puede abordar el análisis de las Crónicas de Indias, un importante corpus de la literatura colonial en el que sigue habiendo muchos mundos por descubrir

Índice analítico

El presente volumen reúne las aportaciones de especialistas procedentes de distintas disciplinas humanísticas y de diferentes países y universidades del mundo, con el ánimo de profundizar en un mejor conocimiento de la América colonial. Esta perspectiva interdisciplinar sigue siendo crucial a la hora de analizar y desentrañar los discursos trazados por los protagonistas del proceso de descubrimiento y conquista del Nuevo Mundo. El libro presenta un total de 16 trabajos que pretenden dar cuenta de algunos de los múltiples enfoques desde los que se puede abordar el análisis de las Crónicas de Indias, un importante corpus de la literatura colonial en el que sigue habiendo muchos mundos por descubrir

Preparation of uniform γ-Fe2O3 particles with nanometer size by spray pyrolysis

Aerosol droplets of dilute alcoholic solutions of Fe(III) and Fe(II) salts were used to synthesize γ-Fe2O3 powders by spray pyrolysis at 500°C. A wide variety of particle morphologies with sizes ranging from 5 to 60 nm were obtained depending on the nature of the precursor solution. Aggregated particles of γ-Fe2O3 with a medium diameter of 6 nm forming dense spheres were obtained from nitrate solutions. However, γ-Fe2O3 obtained from acetylacetonate solutions gives monodispersed particles of about 5 nm in diameter. The morphology of the maghemite particles derived from Fe(II) ammonium citrate appears as hollow spheres with a medium diameter of 170 nm, whereas γ-Fe2O3 particles with high degree of crystallinity were obtained from Fe(III) chloride solutions. Mössbauer spectra of the samples show the absence of Fe2+ species corroborating the formation of γ-Fe2O3 particles under the conditions studied.The authors express their thanks for the financial support of CICYT (Spain) through Research Project MAT 93-0789, and M.P. Morales also acknowledges to Spanish Ministry of Education her fellowship