Spatial Olfactory Memory and Spatial Olfactory Navigation, Assessed with a Variant of Corsi Test, Is Modulated by Gender and Sporty Activity

Many studies have focused on navigation, spatial skills, and the olfactory system in comparative models, including those concerning the relationship between them and physical activity. Although the results are often in contrast with each other, it is assumed that physical activity can affect cognition in different ways-both indirectly and through a certain influence on some brain structures. In contrast, there is little research that focuses on the relationship between spatial abilities and olfactory abilities in humans. This research aimed to evaluate and compare the performance in working memory tasks of athletes and non-athletes who require good visual-spatial navigation, olfactory-spatial navigation, and olfactory-semantic skills. The study involved 236 participants (83 athletes) between the ages of 18 and 40. All subjects were matched by age or sex. The standard Corsi Block Tapping Test (CBTT) was administrated to investigate the visual-spatial memory. Olfactory-spatial navigation and olfactory-semantic skills were assessed with two modified versions of CBTT: Olfactory CBTT (OCBTT) and Semantic-Olfactory CBTT (SOCBTT) respectively. The results show differences between the CORSI conditions in direction of a poor performance for athletes. A gender effect in favor of men was also found, particularly in the classic version of the CBTT. Both groups performed better in the classic version of the CBTT than OCBTT and SOCBTT. The mean of SOCBTT results is markedly lower, perhaps due to the different information processing systems needed to perform this kind of task. It is possible to explain how sports practice can affect tasks that require spatial skills and olfactory perception differently, thus supporting new hypotheses and opening new scientific horizons

Olfactory and Visuo-Spatial short term working memory: localization of an olfactory marker in a modified Corsi Block Tapping Test

One of the main relevant Tests that analyzes the visuo-spatial component can be considered the Courses Block Tapping Test (CBTT). The visuo-spatial component is an extremely present component also in the olfactory perception, where, from the evolutionary point of view, it seems to be the further development of ancestral olfactory abilities linked to the location of the olfactory marker. In the present research, through the use of the CBTT associated with an olfactory component, it was investigated how the sense of smell can be related to tasks requiring the use of visuo-spatial memory and whether this component can be gender-dependent. In the present study, 153 healthy subjects were recruited (mean age 22.6 ± 4.3; 92 women). The Courses Test was administered according to three different sessions and modalities: 1) classical version of the CBTT; 2) Olfactory CBTT (OCBTT); 3) Semantic-Olfactory CBTT (SOCBTT). In the OCBTT, squares of paper wet with specific odorants were placed on the cubes. The layout of the block (B), the same for all subjects, was: Eucalyptus (B1); Carvone (B2); Eugenol(B3); Isoamyl Acetate (B4); Geranium (B5); Phenylethyl alcohol (B6); Hexanal (B7); Acetophenone (B8), Cinnamon (B9). During the experimentation phase the squares arranged above the cubes were smelled according to sequences and methods described for the standard CBTT. At the end of each sequence, a paper square, wet with an odorant pseudo-randomly chosen, was extracted from a pocket and administrated to the subject. Therefore, the experimenter asked to indicate on which B the odorous square corresponded to the one just presented. In this condition, the same exclusion parameters of the CBTT were used. At the beginning of the SOCBTT, the experimenter read, only one time, the complete list of the odorants used. Then the subjects performed the same task of the OCBTT, but, at the end of each sequence, the subject had to identify through the naming the odorants recognized during the sequence. The sequence of the tests was alternated for each subject to avoid a primacy or habituation effect linked to olfactory stimulation. A GLM repeated measures was performed considering as between factor the variable Group (Male and Women) and as within factors the SPAN scores obtained in the three different CBTT modalities (i.e., CBTT; OCBTT; SOCBTT). Furthermore, a correlation analysis was carried out between the three levels of the test. The results of the analysis showed a gender difference in terms of a better performance of men for CBTT, OCBTT and SOCBTT; moreover, the SPAN score was higher in CBTT, and decreased respectively in OCBTT and SOCBTT. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the three CBTT variants (i.e, CBTT, OCBTT and SOCBTT). These results confirm that there is a common perceptual pathway between olfactory and visuo-spatial working memory, also evident in behavioural data. Future work will focus on validation of these test variants

ERS statement: Interventional bronchoscopy in children

Paediatric airway endoscopy is accepted as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, with an expanding number of indications and applications in children. The aim of this European Respiratory Society task force was to produce a statement on interventional bronchoscopy in children, describing the evidence available at present and current clinical practice, and identifying areas deserving further investigation. The multidisciplinary task force panel performed a systematic review of the literature, focusing on whole lung lavage, transbronchial and endobronchial biopsy, transbronchial needle aspiration with endobronchial ultrasound, foreign body extraction, balloon dilation and occlusion, laser-assisted procedures, usage of airway stents, microdebriders, cryotherapy, endoscopic intubation, application of drugs and other liquids, and caregiver perspectives. There is a scarcity of published evidence in this field, and in many cases the task force had to resort to the collective clinical experience of the committee to develop this statement. The highlighted gaps in knowledge underline the need for further research and serve as a call to paediatric bronchoscopists to work together in multicentre collaborations, for the benefit of children with airway disorders. Copyright © ERS 201

ERS statement: interventional bronchoscopy in children

Paediatric airway endoscopy is accepted as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, with an expanding number of indications and applications in children. The aim of this European Respiratory Society task force was to produce a statement on interventional bronchoscopy in children, describing the evidence available at present and current clinical practice, and identifying areas deserving further investigation. The multidisciplinary task force panel performed a systematic review of the literature, focusing on whole lung lavage, transbronchial and endobronchial biopsy, transbronchial needle aspiration with endobronchial ultrasound, foreign body extraction, balloon dilation and occlusion, laser-assisted procedures, usage of airway stents, microdebriders, cryotherapy, endoscopic intubation, application of drugs and other liquids, and caregiver perspectives. There is a scarcity of published evidence in this field, and in many cases the task force had to resort to the collective clinical experience of the committee to develop this statement. The highlighted gaps in knowledge underline the need for further research and serve as a call to paediatric bronchoscopists to work together in multicentre collaborations, for the benefit of children with airway disorders