Susceptibilidad de Remociones en Masa Costeras y Amenazas Asociadas en la Patagonia Chilena: El Caso del Área de Hornopirén (42ºS)

Coastal landslides can be a significant source of risk in fjord environments, with the potential of causing direct damage to local settlements as well as indirect damage by generation of destructive local tsunamis. Different types of landslides can be triggered either by intense rainfall or seismic activity, as it happened in the Aysén fjord in Southern Chile during the 2007 earthquake in the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone (LOFZ). In this paper we analyze the fjordland around the coastal town of Hornopirén, located along the trace of the LOFZ, using a bivariate statistical method to assess the landslide susceptibility. The results show an important degree of susceptibility to landsliding in the fjordland area around Hornopirén. This is a matter of concern for the town, the largest in the area and key for the connectivity to the Patagonia, which is potentially vulnerable to tsunamis waves that can be induced by coastal landslides. A detailed landslide-induced tsunamis hazard and risk study is highly recommended to address this potentially disastrous issue.    Las remociones en masa costeras pueden ser una importante fuente de riesgo en ambientes de fiordos, con el potencial de causar daños directos a poblaciones locales, así como daños indirectos por la generación de tsunamis locales destructores. Distintos tipos de remoción en masa pueden ser desencadenados ya sea por lluvias intensas o actividad sísmica, como ocurrió en el fiordo Aysén en el sur de Chile durante el terremoto de 2007 en la Zona de Falla Liquiñe-Ofqui (LOFZ). En este trabajo se analiza el área de fiordos cercanos al poblado costero de Hornopirén, ubicado en la traza de la LOFZ, utilizando métodos estadísticos bivariados para evaluar la susceptibilidad a la generación de remociones en masa. Los resultados muestran un grado de susceptibilidad importante en el área. Esto es fuente de preocupación para el pueblo, el más grande de la zona y clave para la conectividad hacia la Patagonia, ya que es potencialmente vulnerable a olas de tsunami que pueden ser inducidas por deslizamientos costeros. Por ello, se recomienda un estudio de amenaza y riesgos de tsunamis generados por remociones en masa en la zona.  

Geohazards in the Fjords of Northern Patagonia, Chile

A geomorphological analysis of the Comau Fjord was carried out to identify geohazards that are a product of current landform dynamics and processes. The geological setting of the area includes fractured metamorphic and volcanic rocks forming steep hillslopes in an active tectonic context due to the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone (LOFZ). Geomorphological and hazard mapping was performed using aerial photographs, GIS geoprocessing and fieldwork in January and May 2016 and February 2017. The susceptibility of landsliding was statistically assessed and validated with the inventory of landslides completed during fieldwork. The triggering of geohazards such as landslides and fluvial floods in the study area is associated with high annual precipitation (>5000 mm annually) with a concentration of rainfall that has increased in the last 50 years. Geohazard mapping demonstrated the potential for rock and earth falls, debris flows and river floods, as well as the potential impact of these geohazards on the area’s intensive aquaculture industry and a main national highway projected for the eastern flank of the fjord. In a geographical scenario of environmental and territorial change, the present and future human occupation of Comau Fjord’s coast constitutes potential hazard and risk conditions for aquaculture infrastructure and highway users

Diseño de una red de sensores inalámbricos para el despliegue óptimo de los nodos sensores en un cultivo de Cacao

In this study, factorial experiments were conducted in two different scenarios to design a Wireless Sensor Network for monitoring a cocoa crop in a rural area in Colombia. Node sensors measured temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, Ultra-Violet light, and visible light intensity. The factors considered in the experiments were distance between node sensors, height from the ground, and type of antenna; in turn, Received Signal Strength Indicator and data transfer time were the outputs. The wireless sensor network was deployed in the crop, covering approximately 3 % of the area and using 7 different nodes in a cluster tree topology. First, an open field scenario with line of sight was used to determine the appropriate height of the node sensors. Second, a scenario in the actual cocoa crop was utilized to find the appropriate distance between modules and type of antenna. We found, based on our calculations and experimental data, that a height of 1.25 m was required to avoid the Fresnel zone and improve the RSSI of the network. Furthermore, we determined that a distance below 35 m was needed to guarantee signal reception and avoid long data transfer times. The wire antenna exhibited a better performance. Finally, the proposed methodology and monitoring system can be used for agronomic applications in rural areas in Colombia to increase crop yield.En este trabajo se realizaron experimentos factoriales en dos escenarios diferentes, para diseñar una red de sensores inalámbricos, que permita monitorear un cultivo de cacao en una zona rural de Colombia. Los nodos sensores miden la temperatura, la humedad relativa, la humedad del suelo, la luz ultravioleta y la intensidad de la luz visible. Los factores considerados en los experimentos fueron la distancia entre los nodos sensores, la altura con respecto al suelo y el tipo de antena; el indicador de intensidad de señal recibida y el tiempo de transferencia de datos fueron las salidas. La red de sensores inalámbricos se implementó en el cultivo, cubriendo aproximadamente el 3 % del área, utilizando 7 nodos diferentes en una topología de cluster-tree. En primer lugar, se utilizó un escenario de campo abierto con línea de vista para determinar la altura adecuada de los sensores de nodo. Luego, se utilizó un escenario en el cultivo de cacao real para encontrar la distancia adecuada entre los módulos y el tipo de antena. Se obtuvo, por cálculos y datos experimentales, que se requería una altura de 1.25 m para evitar la zona de Fresnel y mejorar el RSSI de la red. Además, se determinó que se necesitaba una distancia inferior a 35 m para garantizar la recepción de la señal y evitar largos tiempos de transferencia de datos. Adicionalmente, la antena tipo Wire exhibió un mayor rendimiento y la metodología propuesta y el sistema de monitoreo se pueden usar para aplicaciones agronómicas en áreas rurales de Colombia, con el fin de aumentar el rendimiento de los cultivos

Non Classical Rotational Inertia Fraction in a One Dimensional Model of Supersolid

We study the rotational inertia of a model of supersolid in the frame of the mean field Gross-Pitaevskii theory in one space dimension. We discuss the ground state of the model and the existence of a non classical inertia (NCRI) under rotation that models an annular geometry. An explicit formula for the NCRI is deduced. It depends on the density profil of the ground state, in full agreement with former theories. We compare the NCRI computed through this theory with direct numerical simulations of rotating 1D systems

Reflection on Migration Scenarios 2G and 3G Mobile Networks to Fourth Generation in Colombia

En el desarrollo del siguiente artículo se realiza un estudio de los escenarios de migración de tecnologías móviles de tercera generación a tecnologías móviles de cuarta generación, para analizar el escenario de migración más propicio para los operadores móviles en Colombia, para que se adapten de forma más recomendable a las necesidades de los operadores móviles en el país. Este estudio está enfocado en operadores que cuentan con infraestructura propia, es decir, no se analizan las características de migración para los operadores móviles virtuales.In the development of the following article is an analysis of some of the migration scenarios third generation mobile technologies for fourth generation mobile technologies, in order to select which is the most suitable migration scenario for mobile operators Colombia, taking into account the characteristics of the market and the needs that are more optimally suited for the needs of mobile operators in the country, the whole development of the article is based on operators with own infrastructure is not analyzed migration characteristics of mobile virtual network operators

Landslides in the Andes and the need to communicate on an interandean level on landslide mapping and research

[EN] --- Landslides in the Andes are some of the highest natural threats to society with single events killing up to several thousand people. Landslide mapping and landslide research became a more widely spread discipline in geosciences in the Andean countries. However efforts today by far do not match the threat and both more investigations and more mapping activities are needed to support decision makers in land use planning. In this communication we discussed five key issues that we suggest to focus on in upcoming years: Impact of climatic change on landslides occurrence, landslides susceptibility and hazard maps, prediction of megalandslides, seismically triggered landslides, and temporal spatial distribution of mud and debris flows potential.[ES] --- Los deslizamientos en los Andes son unas de las mayores amenazas naturales a la sociedad, con eventos individuales que han causado la muerte de varios miles de personas. El mapeo e investigación de deslizamientos se convirtió en una disciplina ampliamente difundida en los países andinos. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos actuales no se corresponden aún con la amenaza, y más investigaciones y mapeo son necesarios para apoyar a los tomadores de decisiones en la planificación de usos del suelo. En esta comunicación se discuten cinco temas clave en los que se sugiere poner el foco en los próximos años: el impacto del cambio climático en la ocurrencia de deslizamientos, mapas de peligro y susceptibilidad a deslizamientos, predicción de megadeslizamientos, deslizamientos disparados sísmicamente, y la potencial distribución espacio-temporal de flujos de barro y detritos

Analysis of bacterial communities of infected primary teeth in a Mexican population

The objective of this study was to describe the bacterial communities associated with pediatric patients with endodontic infections of temporal teeth by targeting the 16S rRNA gene using pyrosequencing. Microbiological samples were obtained from the lower primary molars of thirteen 13 pediatric patients with dental infections. An aspiration method for microbiological sampling was used. The identification of microbiota employing the pyrosequencing method by targeting the 16S gene was performed. Ribosomal 16S RNA gene sequences were amplified, obtaining a total of 16,182 sequences from 13 primary infected molars (13 different individuals) by pyrosequencing. Bacteroidetes phyla (35.15%) were the most abundant followed by Firmicutes (33.3%) and Fusobacteria (10.05%); the presence of specific pathogenic bacteria was determined as well. The infected root canal of primary teeth contains a high diversity of anaerobic bacteria, and Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria phyla were the most abundant; Prevotella and Streptococcus genera were the most prevalent

Debris Flows Occurrence in the Semiarid Central Andes under Climate Change Scenario

This review paper compiles research related to debris flows and hyperconcentrated flows in the central Andes (30°–33° S), updating the knowledge of these phenomena in this semiarid region. Continuous records of these phenomena are lacking through the Andean region; intense precipitations, sudden snowmelt, increased temperatures on high relief mountain areas, and permafrost degradation are related to violent flow discharges. Documented catastrophic consequences related to these geoclimatic events highlight the need to improve their understanding in order to prepare the Andean communities for this latent danger. An amplified impact is expected not only due to environmental changes potentially linked to climate change but also due to rising exposure linked to urban expansion toward more susceptible or unstable areas. This review highlights as well the need for the implementation of preventive measures to reduce the negative impacts and vulnerability of the Andean communities in the global warming context.Fil: Moreiras, Stella Maris. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Sepúlveda, Sergio A.. Universidad de Chile; Chile. Universidad de O’higgins; ChileFil: Correas Gonzalez, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Lauro, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Vergara Dal Pont, Iván Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Jeanneret, Pilar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Junquera Torrado, Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Cuevas, Jaime G.. Universidad de La Serena; ChileFil: Maldonado, Antonio. Universidad de La Serena; ChileFil: Antinao, José L.. Indiana University; Estados UnidosFil: Lara, Marisol. Universidad de Chile; Chil

Aerosol properties derived from ground-based Fourier transform spectra within the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is particularly relevant for climate studies due to its ability to provide information on both fine absorption structures (i.e. trace gases) and broadband continuum signatures (i.e. aerosols or water continuum) across the entire infrared (IR) domain. In this context, this study assesses the capability of the portable and compact EM27/SUN spectrometer, used within the research infrastructure COCCON (COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network), to retrieve spectral aerosol properties from low-resolution FTIR solar absorption spectra (0.5 cm−1). The study focuses on the retrieval of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and its spectral dependence in the 873–2314 nm spectral range from COCCON measurements at the subtropical high-mountain Izaña Observatory (IZO, Tenerife, Spain), which were coincidentally carried out with standard sun photometry within the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) in the 3-year period from December 2019 to September 2022. The co-located AERONET–COCCON database was used to cross-validate these two independent techniques in the common spectral range (870–1640 nm), demonstrating an excellent agreement at the near-coincident spectral bands (mean AOD differences limited to 0.005, standard deviations up to 0.021 and Pearson regression coefficients up to 0.97). This indicates that the low-resolution COCCON instruments are suitable for detecting the aerosol broadband signal contained in the IR spectra in addition to the retrieval of precise trace gas concentrations, provided a robust calibration procedure (Langley-based or absolute calibration procedures) is used to compensate for the optical degradation of the external system (∼ 0.72 % per month). The study also assesses the capability of the EM27/SUN to simultaneously infer aerosols and trace gases and relate their common emission sources in two case study events: a volcanic plume from the La Palma eruption in 2021 and a nearby forest fire in Tenerife in 2022. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of the portable low-resolution COCCON instruments to enhance the multi-parameter capability of the FTIR technique for atmospheric monitoring.</p